Sinophone Southeast Asia - 9789004473263 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 02:55:49AM via free access Chinese Overseas HISTORY, LITERATURE, AND SOCIETY Chief Editor WANG Gungwu Subject Editors Evelyn Hu-DeHart David Der-wei WANG WONG Siu-lun volume 20 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cho - 9789004473263 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 02:55:49AM via free access Sinophone Southeast Asia Sinitic Voices across the Southern Seas Edited by Caroline Chia Tom Hoogervorst LEIDEN | BOSTON - 9789004473263 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 02:55:49AM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Chia, Caroline, editor. | Hoogervorst, Tom, 1984– editor. Title: Sinophone Southeast Asia : Sinitic voices across the Southern Seas / by Caroline Chia, Tom Hoogervorst. Description: Leiden; Boston : Brill, [2021] | Series: Chinese overseas: history, literature, and society; 1876-3847 ; volume 20 Identifiers: LCCN 2021032807 (print) | LCCN 2021032808 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004421226 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004473263 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Chinese language—Variation—Southeast Asia. | Chinese language—Social aspects—Southeast Asia. | Sociolinguistics—Southeast Asia. | Chinese—Southeast Asia—Social life and customs. | Southeast Asia—Languages. Classification: LCC PL1074.7 .S59 2021 (print) | LCC PL1074.7 (ebook) | DDC 495.1—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021032807 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021032808 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1876-3847 ISBN 978-90-04-42122-6 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-47326-3 (e-book) Copyright 2021 by Caroline Chia and Tom Hoogervorst. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Hotei, Brill Schöningh, Brill Fink, Brill mentis, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Böhlau Verlag and V&R Unipress. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. - 9789004473263 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 02:55:49AM via free access To Zacton Li, Celine Rebecca Hoogervorst, and Ari Tea McFarland ∵ - 9789004473263 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 02:55:49AM via free access - 9789004473263 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 02:55:49AM via free access Contents Acknowledgements ix Notes on the Language x List of Illustrations and Tables xi Abbreviations xiv Notes on Contributors xv Introduction 1 1 From Ang moh 紅毛 to Phi jun 批准: The Role of Southern Min in Early Contacts between Chinese and European Languages 16 Picus Sizhi Ding 2 At the Periphery of Nanyang: The Hakka Community of Timor-Leste 52 Juliette Huber 3 Language Contact and Lexical Changes in Khmer and Teochew in Cambodia and Beyond 91 Joanna Rose McFarland 4 The Nature of Sinitic Lexicon in Bazaar Malay and Baba Malay in Singapore 129 Khin Khin Aye 5 Native Lexical Innovation in Penang Hokkien: Thinking beyond Rojak 153 Catherine Churchman 6 A Preliminary Study of Kaoka 高甲 Playscripts in the Philippines 185 Caroline Chia 7 “Do You Love China or Not?”: Late-Colonial Textbooks to Learn Mandarin through Malay 210 Tom Hoogervorst Conclusion 245 Index 253 - 9789004473263 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 02:55:49AM via free access - 9789004473263 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 02:55:49AM via free access Acknowledgements This volume is based on the papers presented at the conference Rethinking Sinitic Literacy: A Study of Sinitic “Texts” in Southeast Asia (2018), co-organized by Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV). As our quotation marks around the word “texts” reveal, we approached this term in its broadest possible sense, encompassing written, spoken, and performed texts. Yet, as we realized along the way, what we had in mind is better described as “voices”. The word “voice” encapsulates the three things we are interested in: the lan- guages people use, the contents of what they say or write, and the media and other platforms through which they express themselves. We feel that the pres- ent book is more than a mainstream conference proceedings volume, although we might not be alone in proposing this claim. It is above all the result of the intellectual exchanges and long discussions that unfolded during the Q&A ses- sions, coffee breaks, and afterwards over the email, which encouraged each of us to rethink our assumptions, re-analyse our data, and situate our findings in a broader Southeast Asian context. We are most grateful to K.K. Luke for showing his utmost support for the conference and to Yow Cheun Hoe for hosting the event. David Holm and Randy LaPolla generously shared their broad expertise on the topic, offered suggestions for improvement, and provoked stimulating conversations. David Holm has also kindly helped us with the Chinese characters for which no Unicode exist. We also thank Suchart Setthamalinee and Low Kok Wai for their insights on the sociolinguistic complexity of, respectively, the Chinese Muslim communities in northern Thailand and Cantonese Taoist rites in Singapore. Siew Min Sai advised us during the conference and afterwards. Josh Stenberg offered valuable, detailed, and gratefully received feedback for the introduction and conclusion of this book. We have been financially sup- ported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) through a Veni grant, awarded to Tom Hoogervorst, to fund the conference and the publication of this volume. Additional funding for the conference was sup- plied by the Centre for Liberal Arts and Social Sciences (CLASS) Conference, Symposium and Workshop Scheme of NTU, awarded to Caroline Chia. Finally, we thank Chunyan Shu for guiding us through the editorial process and Kristen Chevalier for her efforts during the production of this book. - 9789004473263 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 02:55:49AM via free access Notes on the Language In a book that aims to showcase and celebrate the full diversity of Sinitic and Sinitic-influenced languages in Southeast Asia, it would have been counterpro- ductive for us to homogenize the spelling systems used in its chapters. Instead, we have relied on the judgment of our contributors. Some authors represent their data in standardized orthographies, such as Hànyǔ Pīnyīn 漢語拼音 for Mandarin, Jyutping 粵拼 for Cantonese, and Pe̍h-ōe-jī 白話字 for Hokkien. Others use an IPA-based representation – especially if no universally accepted spelling exists – or a common vernacular transcription. We follow the indi- vidual chapters, and their different conventions, in the concluding remarks. As a rule, the authors of this volume have respected the preferences of their fieldwork consultants and the spelling systems of their primary sources, espe- cially if they contain important sociolinguistic information. As this book partly deals with historical varieties, we generally prefer traditional characters (正體字 zhengti zi, 繁體字 fanti zi) over simplified characters (簡化字 jianhua zi). However, here too, we deviate from this principle if the consultants them- selves prefer to use simplified characters. We represent non-standard charac- ters exactly as we have encountered them in our source materials, refraining from attempts to “correct” them with the corresponding standard equivalents. In all cases, orthographic choices have been clearly indicated by the individual contributors. - 9789004473263 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 02:55:49AM via free access Illustrations and Tables Figures 1.1 Distribution of Min languages in China. https://commons.wikimedia. org/w/index.php?curid=53124347; digitalized by Kanguole. License under CC BY-SA 4.0 22 1.2 The sea route from Portugal to the Far East. Adapted from Hugo Refachinho’s map; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portuguese_discoveries_and _explorationsV3en.png; License under CC BY-SA 4.0 24 1.3 The spread and development of ang moh 紅毛. Own work 30 1.4 General foreign speech of the Europeans 紅毛通用番話, with a sample page. Photographs without copyright information. The book cover on the left, https:// voices.uchicago.edu/artpoliticseastasia/files/2020/10/Untitled.jpg; Sample page on the right, adapted from https://static.hkej.com/hkej/images/2016/11/30/1444 618_666771e68fe9b9ca5de3c888a8a6db0b.jpg (embedded in the online article: https://monthly.hkej.com/monthly/article/id/1444618/華人學習英語用書和首 部「英漢雙語詞典」) 36 1.5 Linguistic processes in deriving pidgin from Southern Min phi jun or ph(w) ey jun. Own work 46 2.1 Timor-Leste in relation to its closest neighbours. CartoGIS Scholarly Information Services, The Australian National University, license Creative Commons BY-SA; downloadable from http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/maps online/base-maps/timor-leste-2 56 2.2 Map of Timor-Leste. CartoGIS Scholarly Information Services, The Australian National University, license Creative Commons BY-SA; downloadable from http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/mapsonline/base-maps/timor-timor-leste 57 2.3 The East Timorese Chinese community in numbers, 1850–1970. Own work 65 2.4 The East Timorese Chinese community in numbers, 1975–2014. Own work 72 6.1 Kaoka performance inside Qing Long Dian without any stage setup. Own work 193 6.2 An image of part of the repertoire written by Teresita Chan. Own work 195 6.3 An image of a Kaoka playscript by the Hoc Kian troupe, photo taken by author with permission of the troupe.