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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 HAWES, Douglass Kenneth, 1938- AN EXPLORATORY NATIONWIDE MAIL SURVEY OF MARRIED ADULT LEISURE-TIME BEHAVIOR PATTERNS AND THE SATISFACTIONS DERIVED FRCM LEISURE­ TIME PURSUITS. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1974 Business Administration I University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor. Michigan @ Copyright by Douglass Kenneth Hawes 1974 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. AN EXPLORATORY NATIONWIDE MAIL SURVEY OF MARRIED ADULT LEISURE-TIME BEHAVIOR PATTERNS AND THE SATISFACTIONS DERIVED FROM LEISURE-TIME PURSUITS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Douglass K. Hawes, B.E.E., M.B.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1973 Reading Committee: Approved by Prof. Roger D. Blackwell Prof. W. Wayne Talarzyk Prof. W. Arthur Cullman Adviser Faculty of Marketing ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer wishes to acknowledge the assistance received from numerous individuals in all phases of this study. Particular thanks go to Mr. Mark Ebersole and Mr. Timon Runyan of the OSII Instruction and Research Computer Center. Their speedy and knowledgeable programing efforts literally "saved the day" on several occasions. Especial thanks also to Dr. Warren Phillips of the OSU Political Science Department for his insightful and stimulating thoughts on factor analysis. Mr. Philip Hupfer and Mrs. Phyllis Kelderhouse at Market Factss Inc. in Chicago did a great job in administering and coding the survey questionnaire. Finally, the writer wishes to* express his deep and sincere gratitude to the selection committee of the Fred B. and Mabel Dean Hill Fellowship Fund for granting the funds to permit the conduct of this study. VITA Douglass Kenneth Hawes BORN: September 14, 1938—Melrose, Massachusetts EDUCATION: (1 Warren High School, Warren, Rhode Island, 1952-1956 (2 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, B.E.E. Degree, 1956-1960 (3 The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio M.B.A. Degree, 1962-1969 (4 The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Ph.D. Degree, 1969-1974 WORK EXPERIENCE: (1 Field Engineer, Hazeltine Electronics Division, Hazel tine Corporation, 1960-1961 (2 Field Engineer, Airborne Instruments Labora­ tory, 1961-1963 (3 Senior Research Engineer, North American Rockwell Corporation, 1963-1969 (4 Administrative Staff Analyst, Ohio St*te University Research Foundation, 1969-1973 (5 Assistant Professor of Business Administra­ tion, University of Wyoming, 1974- HONORS: (1 Fred and Mabel Dean Hill Fellowship Recipient (dissertation research support) (2 Fellow at 1972 AMA Doctoral Consortium FIELDS OF STUDY MBA Program: Marketing, Management, Adaptive Systems Ph.D. Program: Major Field—General Marketing Minor Fields—Consumer Behavior, Quantitative Methods, Economics Additional Areas of Concentration: Sociology/ Social Psychology, Higher Education/ Teaching Techniques, Natural Resources/ Recreation. i i i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................................................ 1i VITA............................................................................................................. i i1 LIST OF TABLES ........... ........................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................x iii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM DESCRIPTION.............................................. 1 Introduction to the Problem ........................................................... 1 Definitions of Leisure and Leisure-Time ................................ 2 General Outline of the Study ........................................................... 4 General Limitations of the Study .................................................. 5 General Background ................................................................................. 6 Growth of Leisure-Time ............................................................... 8 Growth of Leisure Market ........................................................... 10 Coverage in Business Journals .................................................. 12 Justification for Research Emphasis ......................................... 14 Sociologists and Outdoor Recreationists. ...... 14 Business and Economics Scholars ............................................ 15 National Academy of Science ...................................................... 17 U. S. Department of the I n t e r i o r ......................................... 19 Summary .................................................................................................... 19 Potential Implications/Utility of the Results .................. 20 Utility to Private Enterprise .................................................. 20 Utility to Public Policy Makers and Planners .... 21 II. PROBLEM OPERATIONALIZATION.................................................................... 24 Definitions ................................................................... 24 Research Questions ................................................................................. 26 Research Hypotheses ............................................................................. 28 Diagrammatic Models ............................................................................. 28 iv Table of Contents (Continued) Chapter Page III. RESUME OF RELATED RESEARCH......................................................... 31 Conceptions of Leisure and Leisure-Time ................................ 31 Hypotheses-Related Research ........................................................... 32 Hypothesis H-> ...................................................................................... 32 The Lynds ............................................................................................... 32 Lundberg, et a l ................................................................................. 33 Edward L. Thorndike ........................................................................ 34 Robert Havighurst ............................................................................. 34 Recent D isse rta tio n s ........................... ........................... 36 Summary .................................................................................................... 37 Hypothesis Ho ...................................................................................... 38 Charles Proctor ................................................................................. 38 Thomas Burton ...................................................................................... 39 Bultena and Klessig ......................................................................... 39 Tatham and Dornoff ........................................................................ 40 O th e rs .................................................................................................... 40 Summary ................................................................... 41 Hypothesis H 3 ...................................................................................... 42 Hypothesis H 4 ...................................................................................... 43 Credit Usage ...................................................................................... 44 Survey Research Center (Michigan) Studies ....................... 45 Credit Cards .....................................................................................