Béla Révész Anastasia V. Mitrofanova Aleksandar Novaković Miodrag Radojević Zoran Đ. Slavujević Momčilo Subotić ISSN 1450-5460 UDK 32 No. 2/2011 Year III Vol. 4. Institute for Political Studies 1 ISSN 1450-5460 U DK N o. 1-2/2010 II Vol. 2 Serbian Political Thought ISSN 1450-5460 UDK 32 No. 2/2011 Year III Vol. 4 Serbian Political Thought is published two times a year Serbian Political Thought was founded in 1996 and publishing was renewed in 2010. Due to lack of financial means, its publishing was postponed to 2011. Publisher Institute for Political Studies Svetozara Markovića 36, Belgrade, Telephone +381 11 33 49 204, +381 11 30 39 380 www.sptips.rs www.ipsbgd.edu.rs e-mail: [email protected] Director Živojin Đurić Editor in Chief Đorđe Stojanović Deputy Editor Dejana Vukčević Foreign Editorial Board Mamoru Sadakata, Dean/Professor, Graduate School of Law, Nagoya University, Nagoya Iver B. Neumann, Research Director, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo Anastasia Mitrofanova, Professor, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow; Research Director, Center for Euro-Atlantic Studies, Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Affairs Ministry, Moscow Goran Kovacic, Associated Professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana Domestic Editorial Board Milan Jovanović, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Belgrade Dušan Pavlović, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Belgrade Ljubiša Despotović, Faculty of Culture and Media, Megatrend University Živojin Đurić, Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade Đorđe Stojanović, Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade Dejana Vukčević, Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade Sanja Šuljagić, Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade Petar Matić, Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade Mladen Lišanin, Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade Secretary of the Journal Mladen Lišanin Translators Ana Matić Andrijana Stamenković Milica Bjelobaba Graphic Designer Miroslava Karajanković Printed by ESELOGE d.o.o. Belgrade 300 copies 2 Contents Editorial 5 Béla Révész Tensions Without Solutions: Romanian-Hungarian Relations, 1987-89 7 Anastasia V. Mitrofanova Religious Aspects of International Terrorism 49 Aleksandar Novaković The Clash of Irreconcilable Worlds: A Critique of V.J. Vanberg’s Thesis on the Complementarity of Liberalism and Democracy 63 Miodrag Radojević European Standards and Constitutional Changes in Serbia 81 Zoran Đ. Slavujević The Citizens of Serbia´s Views of Democracy 103 Scientific polemics Momčilo Subotić, “The Renewal of Serbistics” 121 Book review Petar Matić Aleksandra Mirović, Essay on Civic Disobedience“ (Ogled o građanskoj neposlušnosti). Beograd: Službeni glasnik - Institut za političke studije, 2011 143 Citing and Referencing 147 3 4 Institute for Political Studies Editorial Serbian Political Thought continues its general editorial concept of not “limiting” journal issues to certain thematic framework for two reasons mostly. Firstly, the editorial board is of the opinion that the major thematic journal profiling would reduce the number of interested authors signifi- cantly, and this would most likely relate to the international scientific com- munity. Secondly, there is the possibility of a certain disproportion between the most pressing problem issues and those marked of regional, or national importance (regardless of favoring the first or the other) - which would fur- ther reduce the potential number of authors. The strategy of a thematically open journal, thus, opens the possibility to achieve an appropriate balance between domestic and foreign authors, theoretical and empirical research, and general and locally positioned scientific studies. This does not mean that in the coming period there will not be any special issues of Serbian political thought, of which the authors will be notified in time. In accordance with the above, Bela Revesz in his article analyzes the complex issue of emigration of Romanians to Hungary in the period from 1987 to 1989, citing reasons of these migrations such as urbanization and the Ceausescu dictatorship, and pointing out many aspects of the prob- lem that triggered many of the issues, especially the status of refugees to which the author has devoted much attention. The authoress Anastasia V. Mitrofanova deals with the intriguing question of the relationship between terrorism and religion in her work, emphasizing that religion indeed lies in the background of terrorist acts, and is not just an excuse for exercis- ing particular interests and goals. Aleksandar Novaković seeks to challenge Viktor J. Vanberg’s assertion of the complementary relationship between liberalism and democracy in his paper, calling it the attempt to reconcile the irreconcilable, and specifying theoretical and historical arguments against this approach.Miodrag Radojević examines the constitutional reforms in Serbia in the EU integration process in his paper, critically reviewing the impact of the European Union and the Council of Europe to the course of these reforms, and providing assessments of the further course of their implementation, whereas Zoran Slavujević presents the results of the em- pirical research on the attitudes of the citizens of Serbia to democracy in his article. The research has shown that the majority of citizens are criti- cal towards the democracy, especially towards the political system and the functioning of the institutions in Serbia, and that most citizens believe that the international political and economic relations are of crucial importance for the development of democracy. The editorial board also uses the opportunity to wish a happy Christmas and New Year to all of its current and potential collaborators. Editorial Board 5 6 Institute for Political Studies UDC 327(498:439)”1987/1989” Serbian Political Thought Manuscript received: 01.06.2011. No. 2/2011, Accepted for publishing: 20.09.2011. Year III, Vol. 4 Monographic study pp. 7-47 Béla Révész1 Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law, The Szeged University of Arts and Sciences, Szeged, Hungary Tensions Without Solutions: Romanian-Hungarian Relations, 1987-89 Abstract Up to the middle of the 1980, Hungary gave refugees to the world; but from 1987, the country itself has also been admitting refugees. Between 1988 and 1995, more than 130,000 refugees were registered in the country. The number of those who arrived in Hungary and looked for the support of private persons, not registering themselves at the authorities can be much more. Among the reasons arising in the Hungarian-Romanian relationship, the first place was oc- cupied by violent urbanization, the organized destruction of villages in Roma- nia that began in 1987. Furthermore, the practice of Ceausescu’s dictatorship violating human rights also played a serious role, paired with the discrimination against Hungarian, German and Jewish minorities. The increasing number of social and economic problems is also one of the important factors of migration motives. The immigration of Romanian citizens demanded measures of bor- der control, administrational control, state security and public safety from the part of the Hungarian law enforcement bodies, while the negotiations between the “allied parties” was also needed as much as diplomatic and international political solutions. During the examination of the complex problems of the migration process, the present research intends to turn the attention towards three characteristic motions, based on the contemporary documents: the secret service and political means of the realization of the Romanian urbanization program, the “events” occurring along Hungarian-Romanian borders, and the differences between the techniques of treating refugee affairs. Key words: border control operations, collapse of communism, ethnic problems, Helsinki Final Agreement, illegal border crossings, mass migra- tion, refugee affairs, Romanian-Hungarian tensions, state security services, system changein communist Europe, territorial demands, Warsaw Treaty Organization. 1 Associate Professor of Political Science [email protected] 7 At issue is the identification and analysis of the “refugee problem” in the context of Romanian-Hungarian relations of 1987-89. The task is daunting due to the complex web of events and communica- tion flows – bilateral, multilateral and, in some respects, global – that had a direct or indirect bearing on the matter at hand. From 1987 on, the waves of refugees arriving from Romania tended to obscure oth- er dimensions of conflict between the two states and the two ruling Communist parties. As it happened, not only ethnic Hungarians, but citizens of other countries, some from the Communist bloc, and some from the Third World, increasingly targeted Hungary as a destination country. The arrival of such migrants gave an advantage to the Hun- garian leadership by endowing the regime with the image of being the positive alternative of a “reforming socialist” country to the West. The following discussion seeks to examine the factors that motivated, and, in turn, influenced, the mass migration of Romanian citizens, (pre- dominantly ethnic Hungarians from Transylvania) in the late 1980’s. The case is summed up in unambiguous terms by a Hungarian governmental interagency position paper. “In the past few years, mainly due to the dis- criminating measures against citizens of Hungarian nationality, the low- er living standards, the number of legal and illegal migrants, the majority of whom are ethnic Hungarians arriving in