Seventh grade Curriculum Materials LACMA’s Permanent Collection _______________________________________________________ HESE CURRICULUM MATERIALS ARE DESIGNED TO SUPPORT THE ACTIVITIES OF the seventh-grade students who participate in the TMaya Mobile program of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA). The program is composed of presentations, hands-on art experiences in the Maya Mobile, and a docent-led visit at the museum to tour the related permanent collections. These materials will enhance the students’ experience and supplement your class study of medieval and early modern cultures throughout the school year. Through this program, students will explore the significance of trade among civilizations and the resulting exchange of ideas, beliefs, goods, and technologies as manifested in works of art. Included are images and descriptions of five objects from LACMA’s collections, questions and activities that can be used in the classroom, examples of Maya glyphs, and timelines highlighting significant cultural events. One object from the Maya civilization is the foundation for the study of the theme of the exchange of goods and ideas. Examples of works from China, Islamic lands, and early modern Europe demonstrate the growth of interactions among civilizations. They also reveal the importance of artistic production as products of exchange and developing technologies as well as representations of religious beliefs and political, philosophical, and scientific ideas. • How do beliefs and new ideas circulate in the world today? What are the systems that support the exchange of goods and ideas? How is this exchange reflected in our culture? • What types of objects do you think best communicate beliefs and ideas? How do they communicate? • When you think about trade, what types of objects come to mind? How do art objects fit into a discussion of the exchange of goods and ideas? Discuss the different ways that a work of art might communicate the beliefs and ideals of the culture it represents. The curriculum materials were developed in alignment with Grade Seven California State Content Standards for History-Social Science, Visual Arts, and English Language Arts. They are designed for classroom use and intended to stimulate critical thinking and creative expression as students discover the art of medieval and early modern cultures and make valuable connections to their own cultures and experiences. Maya Mobile Art and Trade of Great Civilizations from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance Curriculum Materials Los Angeles County Museum of Art The Maya ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ HE MAYA OCCUPIED THE AREA REFERRED TO AS Religion was the foundation of the culture, southern Mesoamerica, an area that today and homage was paid to the gods and ancestors comprises Guatemala, Belize, southern Mex- through ritual practices. Some Maya achieve- Tico, and parts of Honduras and El Salvador. The ments include the construction of huge stone Americas, and thus the Maya, were isolated from the temples and astronomical observatories, the major civilizations of Europe, Africa, and Asia until development of sophisticated calendars, and the Europeans arrived in the late 1400s. The Maya are use of a base 20 mathematics system that usually characterized as an ancient civilization; included the use of the concept of zero. With however, there are more than six million Maya zero, Maya mathematicians and astronomers people currently living throughout Mexico and were able to predict the cycles of the five visible Central America. Despite its isolation from the other planets as well as lunar and solar eclipses. The cultures discussed in this curriculum, Maya culture concept also allowed for the development of is characterized by the communication of ideas and geometry necessary for the building of huge beliefs through systems of exchange throughout temple pyramids. Mesoamerica. Maya civilization was made up of a During the era known as the Classic period number of separate kingdoms known as city-states (A.D. 250–900), the civilization flourished and that developed along rivers or cenotes, which are the Maya excelled in the arts. The socio-political formed when fresh water seeps into collapsed layers structure of the civilization was hierarchical and of limestone. Different city-states were dominant at lineage-based. The ruling elite sponsored public different times. The city-states were the center of and private rituals. The artistic production at social, economic, and political pursuits. The Maya different sites varied with their relative socio- cleared routes through jungles and swamps and political power. At sites such as Tikal and Palen- used canoe travel to connect distant city-states and que, the development of fine ceramic pottery create extensive trade networks. Columbus’s son and monumental architecture inspired allies and Diego encountered Maya traders traveling by canoe rival neighbors to copy their style. There are along the Caribbean coast in the early 1500s. discernable regional differences in Maya art, but despite such differences, the Maya’s shared beliefs and practices were communicated and reinforced by their artistic production. Chocolate Bowl ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ HIS CHOCOLATE BOWL IS FROM THE REGION OF Cacao grows well only in the most humid Tikal, Guatemala. It is an example of ceramic conditions, prospering mainly outside of the ware common among the Maya elite of the lowland Maya heartland. Cacao production took T Classic period, and vessels like this were used place on the slopes of the Pacific coast, and as high-status serving vessels for ceremonial feasts. major sources were located in what is now the Production of low-fire slip painted pottery (slip Mexican region of Tabasco or points further paint is made of a mixture of finely ground pigment, west. The god known as God L, who was often clay, and water) of this quality and detail required depicted carrying a merchant’s bundle (or back- technical skill. The primary aesthetic medium of the rack) containing highly valued objects such as Classic Maya was painting, and pictorial polychrome quetzal feathers, turquoise, or obsidian, is pottery serves as the enduring example of this associated with the southern Gulf Coast region, medium. The Maya palette included variations of an important place of cacao production and black, white, red, earth tones, and a color known as trade. “Maya blue.” This vessel is decorated with hieroglyphs, which • What are some of the most valuable and were indicators that its owner was a person of high sought-after goods in our contemporary status. Maya hieroglyphs are read from left to right system of trade? Why are certain goods and, on limestone monuments, from top to bottom. more valuable than others? Can you think Each picture symbol represents an idea, word, or of any goods that are important in the syllable, and thus words can be written with rituals and social practices of your different forms. Writing was done by scribes, culture? members of the upper class who were educated in The text on this vessel also names its owner. The mathematics, calendrical computation, history, presence of the name of the vessel’s owner mythology, religion, and ritual as well as the arts. In suggests that the bowl may have served as a Maya society, vessel painting was a revered activity. funerary offering or as a royal gift in addition to The scribe and the artist were one and the same—no its use for serving cacao on ceremonial distinction was made between painting and writing, occasions. Ceramic vessels like this one were since both were accomplished with a brush. also presented by the elites of one city to nobles • Look at the hieroglyphs on the chocolate bowl. from another city in order to establish and Do you recognize any of the shapes that make maintain social and political relationships—they functioned as a type of social currency. up the glyphs? Are there any shapes that suggest a specific meaning? How are the hie- • Think of other examples in past and con- roglyphs different from our writing system? temporary cultures of the ways in which Which do you think might be more difficult to material objects are used as social learn and understand? Why? currency. How have goods been used to Ceramic vessels were often named for the type of help form and affirm social and political substance they held. The function of this bowl is relationships on familial, local, national, made clear by the text written around its rim, which and international levels? indicates the vessel was intended to hold cacao (or Chocolate Bowl chocolate) drink. Vessel with Glyphic Text Chocolate was important to the Maya, who Maya, Guatemalan Lowlands, c.A. D. 400–550 drank it on ceremonial and social occasions. Cacao Ceramic with Red, Cream, and Black Slip, 7 x 8½ in. (the bean that forms the basis of chocolate) was Los Angeles County Museum of Art Museum Acquisition Fund AC1992.129.1 sought-after by the royal courts of Mesoamerica; it Photo © 2010 Museum Associates / LACMA also functioned as a currency. The Maya had syllable signs for five vowels as well The glyphs on the chocolate bowl are both déc- as syllable signs for all the combinations of conso- orative