31 M.A. SEMESTER - I HISTORY PAPER-IV SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA (1757 CE - 1947 CE) SUBJECT CODE : 73534 © UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Prof. Suhas Pednekar Vice-Chancellor, University of Mumbai, Prof. Ravindra D. Kulkarni Prof. Prakash Mahanwar Pro Vice-Chancellor, Director, University of Mumbai, IDOL, University of Mumbai, Course and Programme : Anil R. Bankar Co-ordinator Associate Professor of History and Head Faculty of Arts, IDOL, University of Mumbai Course Writer : Dr. Shamrao Koreti Professor, Dept. of History, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur : Dr. Vincent D'mello Head, Dept.of History and I/c Principal, St. Joseph College, Virar, Dist. Palghar : Dr.Ajaykumar Lokhande Dept. of History, K.V.Pendharkar College, Dombivali, Dist. Thane Editor : Shailesh J. Shrivastav Associate Professor and Former Head Dept. of History, B.K. Birla College (Autonomous), Kalyan, Dist. Thane March 2021, Print - 1 Published by : Director, Institute of Distance and Open Learning , University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai - 400 098. DTP Composed : AshwiniArts Vile Parle (E), Mumbai - 400 099. Printed by : CONTENTS Unit No. Title Page No. SEMESTER I Module - I 1. A) Polity 01 2. B) Polity 16 3. Society 42 4. Economy 56 Module - II 5. Ideologies of The Raj 72 6. Arms of Colonial State-Army, Police and Law 86 7. Education : Indigenius and Modern 102 Module - III 8. Deindustrialization and Commercilization of Agriculture 112 9. Transport, Industry, Urbanization and Agrarian Changes 122 10. Drain of Wealth 132 Module - IV 11. Advent of Printing press and its implication : Reform Movement Nature and Issues 141 12. Socal Change - Caste, Class and Gender 157 13. Making of Religious, Linguistic Identities and Rise of Nationalism 175 M.A. Part - I Semester - I History Paper - IV Social, Economic and Administrative History of Modern India (1757 CE - 1947 CE) Objectives : To facilitate students with the evolution of socio-cultural, religious and political processes in Modern Indian History as well as impact of British rule in India. Module 1 : Background : India in 18th Century a) Polity b) Society c) Economy Module 2 : Colonial State and Ideology a) Ideologies of Raj b) Arms of Colonial State - Army, Police and Law c) Education Indigenous and Modern Module 3 : Economic Developments a) Deindustrialization and Commercialization of Agriculture b) Transport, Industry, Urbanisation and Agrarian change c) Drain of Wealth Module 4 : Social and Cultural Transformations a) Advent of Printing and its implications; Reform Movements : Nature and issues b) Social change - Caste, Class and Gender c) Making of Religious, Linguistic Identities and Rise of Nationalism References: Alam M., The Zamindars and the Mughal power in Deccan 1685- 1712, The Indian Economic and Social History Review 11, 1974 AlaviSeema (ed.), The Eighteenth Century in India, OUP, New Delhi, 2002. Alavi, Seema The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition in Northern India 1770-1830 Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1995,. Athar Ali M., The Passing of Empire: The Mughal Case. Modern Asian Studies, Bombay, Asia Publishing House, 1966. Bagade Umesh, Maharashtratil Prabodhanaani Jati-varna Varchasva, Sugava Prakashan, Pune, 2005 (Marathi) Bandopadhayay, Shekhar, From Plassey to Partition, A History of Modern India, Orient Longman 2004. Bandyopadhyay Sekhar, From Plassey to Partition, A History of Modern India, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 2004 I Banerjee Dube Ishita, A History of Modern India, Cambridge Univ. Press, Delhi, 2015 Banga I., Agrarian System of the Sikhs: Late Eighteen and Early Nineeenth Centuries, New Delhi, Manohar, 1978. Barnett Richard, North India between Empires: Awadh, The Mughals and the British 1720-1800, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: university of California Press, 1980. Bayly C.A., Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, New Cambridge History of India, Part of The New Cambridge History of India, 1990. Bayly, C. A., Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the world 1780-1830, London: Longman, 1989. Bayly, C. A., The Peasant Armed: The Indian Rebellion of 1857, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986. Beaglehole T.H., Thomas Munro and the development of the Administrative Policy in Madras 1792-1818, Cambridge: Cambridge Press, 1966. Bhattacharya, Neeladri, The Making of Agrarian Policy in British India 1770-1900, Delhi: Oxford Press, 1992. Boyce D. G., Decolonization and the British Empire 1775-1997, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999. Chakravarty Suhas, The Raj Syndrome: A Study in Imperial Perceptions, 1989. Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan, Nationalism and Colonialism in Modern India, New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1979. Chandra Bipan and elts, India’s Struggle for Independence, Penguin, New Delhi, 1989. Chandra Bipan, A. Tripathi, Barun De, Freedom struggle, National Book trust, India, 1972. Chandra Bipan, Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism in India, Delhi, 1966. Charles Heimsath, Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social Reform, Princeton University Press, 1964. Charlesworth, Neil, British Rule and the Indian Economy, 1800-1914, London and Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1982. Chatterjee Partha, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse?, London, Zed Books, 1986. Chaudhary Sushil, From Prosperity to Decline: Eighteenth Century Bengal, Delhi: Manohar, 1995. Desai A. R., Social Background of Indian Nationalism, Popular Prakashan, 6th Edn, Mumbai, 2005. Dharma Kumar (ed.), The Cambridge Economic History of India, Vol II, c. 1757-2003, Orient Longman, Delhi, 2005 II Guha, Ranjit, A Rule of Property for Bengal: An Essay on the Idea of Permanent Settlement, Paris: Mouton & Co., 1963. Indu Banga, The City in Indian History: Urban Demography, Society, and Politics, South Asia Publications, 1991. Natarajan, S. (1962).A History of the Press in India. Bombay: Asia Publishing House,1963 Kenneth Jones, The New Cambridge History of India, Vol III - Socio- religious Reform Movements in British India, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989. Metcalf Thomas R. Ideologies of the Raj¸ Cambridge University Press, 1994. Mohanty Manoranjan (ed.), Class, Caste, Gender, Sage Publication, New Delhi, 2004. Mukherjee N., The Ryotwari System in Madras 1792-1827 Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1962. Panikkar K. N., Culture, Ideology, Hegemony: Intellectuals and Social Consciousness in Colonial India, New Delhi: Tulika, 1995. Prakash Om, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630-1720, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1988. Ranade Pratibha, Phalanite Phalani, Rajhansa Prakashan, Pune (Marathi) Ray Rajat, Industialisation of India: Growth and Conflict in the Private Corporate Sector, 1914-47, OUP, Delhi, 1982. Roy Tirthankar, The Economic History of India 1857-1947, OUP, New Delhi, 3 S. Gopal, British Policy in India 1858-1905, Cambridge University Press, Delhi, 1965. Sarkar Sumit, Rammohan Roy and the break with the past: Rammohan Roy and the process of modernization in India, New Delhi: Vikas, 1975 Shrinivas M.N., Social Change in Modern India, Orient Black Swan, 1995 Talbot Cynthia, Pre-Colonial India in Practice, Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra, 1st edition, OPU, USA, 2001. rd edn., 2011. III Module - I Unit- 1 A) POLITY Unit Structure: 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Decline and Disintegration of Mughal Empire 1.3 Successors of Aurangzeb 1.3.1 Bahadur Shah I (1707-12) 1.3.2 Jahandar Shah (1712-13) 1.3.3 Farrukh-siyar (1713-19) 1.3.4 Muhammad Shah (1719-48) 1.3.5 Nadir Shah's Invasion of India (1739) 1.3.6 Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali (1748-1767) 1.3.7 Ahmed Shah (1748-1754) 1.3.8 Alamgir II (1754-59) 1.3.9 Shah Alam II (1759-1806) 1.4 Summary 1.5 Questions 1.6 Additional Reading 1.0 OBJECTIVES: After the completion of this unit the students will be able to 1. Perceive the historical background of India in 18 th century. 2. Understand the achievements of successors of Aurangzeb. 3. Know the invasion of Nadir Shah on India. 4. Understand the invasion of Ahmed Shah Abdali on India. 1.1 INTRODUCTION: India in the 18th century had to endure one of the most chaotic periods in its entire history. The eighteenth-century political formations in India were very dramatic and the country was changing at a very rapid pace. During the first half of the 18th century, the Mughal Empire was shrinking due to the emergence of independent kingdoms. In the second half of the 18th century, the British had started creating a strong presence in eastern India. 1 The Mughal Empire, which had dominated the Indian subcontinent for two centuries, began to decline with internal and external pressures. Following the decline of the empire, numerous local powers strived for independence, and foreign powers began to invade the area, further deteriorating the situation of India and promoting additional disorder. The European powers which had struggled to have a foot-hold in India succeeded in their aims by the beginning of the 18th century and if political conditions in India had not changed atter death of Aurangzeb in 1707, they in all probability would have remained as trading Companies. But the political conditions in India began to change rapidly and by the middle of the 18th century grand opportunity was provided for the English merchants; with great astuteness saw their advantage and laid the foundation for their political power in India. The monolithic structure of the Mughal empire began to disintegrate after 1707 because the successors of Aurangazeb were in capable of ruling. So, the end of the Mughal empire seemed inevitable, and as there was no other power capable of stepping in hold the Indian empire together. After the disintegration of the Mughal empire a political vacuum was created, the possibility of filing which existed in the presence, at the time of two groups, one of which consisted of Indian States, while the other was made up of the European powers in India. Among the Indian States there were no unity. In the other group only England and France were the powers to reckon with. These two were always rivals, now with the opportunity of gaining political suzerainty over India contended for power and the victory fell to England.