Issue 169 April 2020 Water in the Native World A publication of the Universities Council on Water Resources with support from Southern Illinois University Carbondale JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY WATER RESEARCH & EDUCATION Universities Council on Water Resources 1231 Lincoln Drive, Mail Code 4526 Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL 62901 Telephone: (618) 536-7571 www.ucowr.org CO-EDITORS Karl W.J. Williard Jackie F. Crim Southern Illinois University Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois Carbondale, Illinois [email protected] [email protected] SPECIAL ISSUE EDITOR Karletta Chief Associate Professor and Extension Specialist Department of Environmental Science University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 [email protected] ASSOCIATE EDITORS Kofi Akamani Natalie Carroll Kristin Floress Gurpreet Kaur Policy and Human Dimensions Education Policy and Human Dimensions Agricultural Water and Nutrient Management Southern Illinois University Purdue University United States Forest Service Mississippi State University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Prem B. Parajuli Gurbir Singh Kevin Wagner Engineering and Modeling Agriculture and Watershed Management Water Quality and Watershed Management Mississippi State University Mississippi State University Oklahoma State University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] M.S. Srinivasan Jonathan Yoder Hydrology Natural Resource Economics National Institute of Water and Washington State University Atmospheric Research, New Zealand [email protected] [email protected] TECHNICAL EDITORS Elaine Groninger Shelly Williard Southern Illinois University Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois Carbondale, Illinois [email protected] [email protected] ISSN 1936-7031 Cover photo: Native American students participating in the Guardians of Living Water Summer Camp overlook the sacred BigHorn River at Pretty Eagle Point, Fort Smith MT. The Guardians of Living Water was developed in partnership among the Crow Environmental Health Steering Committee, Crow Agency School, Montana State University, and Little Big Horn College to increase children’s water-related environmental health literacy skills through art and science activities grounded in the Apsáalooke culture. Credit: Christine Martin Back cover photo: Minneapolis, MN. Credit: Ron Reiring, original work, CC BY-SA 2.0 Inside back cover photo: Minneapolis Reflection. Credit: Matthew Paulson, original work, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 The Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education is published by the Universities Council on Water Resources (UCOWR). UCOWR is not responsible for the statements and opinions expressed by authors of articles in the Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education Issue No. 169 April 2020 Water in the Native World Water in the Native World Karletta Chief (Diné) ....................................................................................................................1 A Confluence of Anticolonial Pathways for Indigenous Sacred Site Protection Rachel Ellis and Denielle Perry ...................................................................................................8 Dissolved Uranium and Arsenic in Unregulated Groundwater Sources – Western Navajo Nation Lindsey Jones, Jonathan Credo, Roderic Parnell, and Jani C. Ingram .....................................27 Arsenic Concentrations in Ground and Surface Waters across Arizona Including Native Lands M.C. Jones, J.M. Credo, J.C. Ingram, J.A. Baldwin, R.T. Trotter, Jr., and C.R. Propper ...........44 Change Rippling through Our Waters and Culture Christine Martin, John Doyle, JoRee LaFrance, Myra J. Lefthand, Sara L. Young, Emery Three Irons, Margaret J. Eggers ..........................................................................................................61 Impacts of Coal Resource Development on Surface Water Quality in a Multi-jurisdictional Watershed in the Western United States Grace Bulltail and M. Todd Walter .............................................................................................79 Unregulated and Emerging Contaminants in Tribal Water Otakuye Conroy-Ben and Emily Crowder..................................................................................92 Walleye Ogaawag Spearing in the Portage Waterway, Michigan: Integrating Mixed Methodology for Insight on an Important Tribal Fishery Andrew T. Kozich, Valoree S. Gagnon, Gene Mensch, Sophia Michels, and Nicholas Gehring ....................................................................................................................................101 1 Universities Council on Water Resources Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education Issue 169, Pages 1-7, April 2020 Water in the Native World Karletta Chief (Diné) University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ o Indigenous peoples, water is sacred. Indigenous knowledge and it is imperative to Water is the lifeline of Indigenous recruit and retain more Indigenous students in Tcultures, ceremonies, livelihood, and hydrological sciences. In this Special Issue, “Water beliefs. Indigenous peoples have a repository of in the Native World,” nearly all of the co-authors knowledge related to water, its use, and its spatial are Indigenous and two publications (Bulltail and and temporal distribution. Hydrology and water Walter 2020; Conroy-Ben 2020) are led by an resources can greatly benefit from Indigenous Indigenous lead author. With the need to consider the perspectives that includes place-based knowledge people in water research, Indigenous perspectives that helps us better understand complex natural can also be gained through Indigenous scientists and human systems. Sivapalan et al. (2012) termed in health and social sciences. Indigenous health “social-hydrology” as the science of people and and social scientists have been present in health water that is aimed at understanding the dynamics and social science research longer and in greater and co-evolution of coupled human-water systems. numbers than in hydrosciences. It is important For Indigenous people, the study and observation to bridge hydrosciences with health and social of water were never separated from the people. For sciences to critically examine health disparities some Indigenous people, separating people and and social dynamics. This Special Issue provides water is impossible as the origin, occurrence, form, several examples of bridging hydrosciences with and quality of water often define an Indigenous health and social sciences including Ellis and person, clan, people, and/or community. Perry (2020), Martin et al. (2020), and Kozich Internationally, Indigenous people are known et al. (2020). This Special Issue is compiled by as “water protectors” and they have been an Indigenous hydroscientist (Dr. Karletta Chief, fighting to protect their waters from overuseDiné) and and aims to bring to the forefront “Water in contamination. However, the voices of Indigenous the Native World” where water challenges facing people are rarely heard in hydrological sciences. Indigenous communities are addressed and led The representation of Indigenous scientists in by Indigenous hydroscientists; where Indigenous hydrology is also very small and they are often perspectives are not only included in the research asked to participate in water research on tribal but also drive the research questions; where lands to ensure ethical protocols, strong tribal Indigenous community members are co-authors; partnerships, and cultural sensitivity. Indigenous and where Indigenous students participate in data hydroscientists not only produce scientific collection, analysis, synthesis and publication in investigation and knowledge, but they also have a the important research facing their communities. passion and a deep commitment to doing science In 2017, a group of Indigenous hydroscientists for the purpose of helping their communities were awarded a National Science Foundation address water challenges. In a sense, Indigenous (NSF) Integrative and Collaborative Education hydroscientists become “water protectors” by using and Research (ICER) Grant entitled “Water in the science as a tool to address water challenges facing Native World: A Symposium on Indigenous Water tribal communities. Indigenous water scientists Knowledge and Hydrologic Science.” This team of play a key role in bridging Western science with Indigenous hydroscientists and professors included UCOWR Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education Water in the Native World 2 Dr. Karletta Chief (Diné), University of Arizona; accessible and interpretable for the general public Dr. Otakuye Conroy-Ben (Oglala Sioux), Arizona (e.g., to make our work operational), participants State University; Dr. Ryan Emanuel (Lumbee), joined breakout groups and were challenged to North Carolina State University; Dr. Shandin Pete bring Indigenous views and priorities concerning (Salish and Diné), Salish Kootenai College; and the interactions of land, air, and water into both Dr. Raymond Torres (Chemhuevi), University of scientific discourse and environmental decision- South Carolina. This collaborative team aimed making. By asking questions such as, “how can the to not only address research questions regarding larger community of environmental scientists and water challenges facing tribes, but to also build a practitioners benefit from Indigenous perspectives network of Indigenous water scientists and