Anemia - Definition • National Health and Nutrition Examination Evaluation of Anemia Survey (NHANES III) data- 9 10-28% of patients over 65 years are anemic Mark Wurster, M.D., F.A.C.P. 9 One third of these are due to iron, folate, B12 The Ohio State University deficiency alone or in combination 9 One third are due to renal disease, or other chronic inflammatory response 9 One third are due to various primary marrow disorders, malignancies or other disorders Anemia Anemia - Definition Classification Schemes • A simplified approach to anemia, • Most common hematologic disorder emphasizing information already included • Decrease from normal levels of Hgb, Hct, RBC: in the CBC: 9 FlFemales – MHb14/dlMean Hgb = 14 g/dl; -2SD = 12 g /dl • Mean Cellular Volume (MCV) 9 Males – Mean Hgb = 15.5 g/dl; -2SD = 13.5 g/dl • Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) • Caveat – Anemia is a syndrome, not a disease. • Retic count An abnormal Hgb or Hct should ALWAYS be investigated if confirmed on repeat testing. 1 Anemia Anemia Classification Schemes Classification Schemes • Mean Cellular Volume (MCV) • Red blood cell Distribution Width (RDW) • Decreased MCV (microcytic); < 80 fL 9 A numerical expression of • Normal MCV (normocytic); 80 – 99 fL anisocytosis, or variation in RBC size • Increased MCV (macrocytic); > 100 fL Anemia Anemia Classification Schemes Classification Schemes • Red blood cell Distribution Width (RDW) 9 Normal RDW - representing a uniform population • Red blood cell Distribution Width (RDW) of RBCs with respect to size (actually the standard deviation of red blood cell volume divided by the mean volume) 9 Normal; < or = to app. 14 9 Elevated; > 14 2 Anemia Anemia Classification Schemes MCV, RDW classification • Red blood cell Distribution Width (RDW) 9 Elevated RDW - representing RBCs with varying • Microcytic indices (MCV < 80) sizes 9 With elevated RDW: • Iron deficiency • Sickle- Beta thalassemia • Thalassemia major Anemia Anemia MCV, RDW classification MCV, RDW classification • Normocytic indices (MCV 80-99) • Microcytic indices (MCV < 80) 9 With normal RDW: 9 With normal RDW: • Acute blood loss • Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation • Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation • Thalassemia trait • Anemia of chronic renal disease 3 Anemia Anemia MCV, RDW classification MCV, RDW classification Normocytic indices (MCV 80-99) • Macrocytic indices (MCV > 99) 9 With elevated RDW: 9 With normal RDW: • Early iron, folate, B12 deficiency • Alcohol • Combined deficiency states • Myelodysplastic disorders • Sickle cell anemia • Aplastic anemia • Chronic liver disease • Chemotherapy Anemia Anemia MCV, RDW classification Laboratory Evaluation • Macrocytic indices (MCV > 99) • Reticulocytes 9 With elevated RDW: • Immature RBCs, released in response to decreased Hgb concentration. Increased • Folate, B12 deficiency numbers suggest ongoing RBC loss or destruction; reticulocytes show marrow • Immune hemolytic anemia (also, compensation. other anemias with elevated Retic • Lab measures can include: counts) • Reticulocyte Percentage • Myelodysplastic syndromes • Absolute Reticulocyte count per flow cytometry • Reticulocyte Index (RI) 4 Reticulocytes Reticulocytes • Reticulocyte Percentage • Absolute Reticulocyte counts: normally 25- • Normally, RBCs live about 120 days, so a 75,000/uL ‘normal’ retic count is about 0.8 - 1.0 % • < 75, 000 / u L– c/w hypopro liferati ve anemi as • An elevated Retic percentage is suggestive of hyperproliferative anemia • 75,000 – 100,000 / uL – indeterminate • A normal or decreased Retic percentage is • > 100,000 /uL – c/w hyperproliferative anemias suggestive of hypoproliferative anemia Anemia Laboratory Evaluation Anemia Evaluation • Useful laboratory adjuncts: the smear • Reticulocyte Index • RtilReticulocy te IdIndex < 202.0 sugges ts a hypoproliferative anemia • Reticulocyte Index > 2.0 suggests a hyperproliferative anemia 5 Anemia Evaluation Anemia Evaluation • Useful laboratory adjuncts: • Useful laboratory adjuncts: Technician comments: microcytosis, hypochromia Technician comments: elliptocytosis, anisocytosis Anemia Evaluation Anemia Evaluation • Useful laboratory adjuncts: • Useful laboratory adjuncts: Technician comments: macrocytosis, aniso and Technician comments: burr cells, acanthocytosis poikilocytosis 6 Combining MCV, Anemia Evaluation RDW, Retic ct • Useful laboratory adjuncts: MCV, RDW Retic count < 75,000 Retic count >100,000 Technician comments: sickle cells, aniso- and poikilocytosis Low, Normal Anemia of chronic disease Low, High Fe deficiency Sickle cell, B-thalassemia Normal, Normal Anemia of chronic disease Normal, High Early Fe, Folate, B12 def Sickle cell anemia Myelodysplasia High, Normal ChemoRx,antivirals,Etoh Chronic liver disease Aplastic Anemia High, High Folate, B12 deficiency Immune Hemolytic Anemia Myelodysplasia Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. Hoffman R, et al. Anemia Evaluation Anemia Evaluation • Useful laboratory adjuncts: Technician comments: spherocytosis • Combine CBC findings (MCV, RDW, morphology) with Retic ct to further define • Example: Macrocytic anemia with increased RDW, anisocytosis, increased RI or absolute Retic ct suggests immune hemolytic anemia. 7 Anemia Evaluation Case 1 • Once initial classification established, • 34 year old Indian female with history of further lab studies can be used to confirm heavy periods and recent pregnancy one diagnosis year ago referred for anemia • Example, if hemolysis is suspected: • Admits to chewing ice daily • Consider LDH, T and D Bilirubin, haptoglobin, Coomb’s • No other significant personal or family history of medical problems In Summary The End! Case 1 • Anemia is the most common hematologic lab abnormality • Physical exam negative for varicosities or telengectasia • Appropriate evaluation usually demonstrates a treatable cause • No evidence of organomegaly or • Initial evaluation can be as simple as adenopathy examination of CBC diff and plt ct. • Use Retic count, adjunct tests to confirm initial impression 8 Case 1 Case 1 • Lab • Iron deficiency in young menstruating female recently pregnant 9 Hgb 8.0 g/dL, hct 28%, MCV 75 fL, RPI of • No reason for GI workup unless guaiac 1, RDW of 15 positive • What is the morphologic and • Evaluate also for celiac disease if no response pathophysiologic type of anemia ? to oral iron • What are the causes of this? • Ice craving good clinical sign • What lab studies should be done? • Response to oral iron follow count and ferritin Case 1 Case 2 • Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia • A 44 year old white female with history of a) Iron Deficiency rheumatoid arthritis sees you for anemia b) Chronic Inflammation • Disease activity is moderate and patient is c) Thalassemia on itinterm itttittent s tero ids and dh has recei ved d) Lead Poisoning an inhibitor to TNF. e) Sideroblastic Anemia • No other medical problems are present • Iron 10, TIBC 450, Ferritin 3 • Physical exam unremarkable except for • Guaiac negative joint deformity 9 Case 2 Case 2 • Anemia of Chronic Inflammation • Lab studies include hgb of 8.2 g/dL, hct of • Due to inability to release iron from 25%, MCV of 75fL, RPI of 1, RDW of 12 macrophages (relative iron deficiency) • Characterize the anemia according to prior • Treatment of underlying disease criteria and decide on appropriate labs • Erythropoietin approved for certain inflammatory states Case 2 Case 3 • The anemia is microcytic with • A 33 year old Mexican worker comes in hypoproliferative state with a week history of dyspnea and fatigue • Patient had a sed rate drawn of > 140, iron • NihitfiifitdilNo prior history of significant medical of 20, TIBC of 140, saturation of 14%, problems or family history ferritin of 100, and Erythropoietin level of 30 (nl 0-19) • Physical exam is positive for tachycardia and scleral icterus 10 Case 3 Case 3 • Lab studies drawn show a Hgb of 6.0 g/dL, • Coomb’s test both direct and indirect are Hct of 18.0%, MCV of 100 fL, RPI of 6.0, positive for IgG and C3 RDW of 20 • LDH is slightly elevated to 250 (< 200), • What steps are important next? bilirubin in 4.0mg/dl with 3.0 indirect, haptoglobin is normal as is urine hemosiderin Case 3 Case 3 • Patient has autoimmune hemolytic anemia • Evaluation of peripheral blood smear and should be worked up for SLE, lymphoma, and CLL • It shows spherocytes without fragments • In itial t reat ment i s st eroid s an d be cau tious • Lab studies for hemolytic anemia including about transfusing RBC’s coomb’s test, LDH, bilirubin, haptoglobin, urine hemosiderin • Response may take 1-2 weeks and documented by increasing hemoglobin and clearance of positive coomb’s test 11 Case 4 Case 4 • A 45 year old white female had gastric • What lab studies do you wish to get? bypass surgery 5 years before. She notes marked fatigue and numbness in her hands • Is this an expected problem? and feet. • What therapy is appropriate? • The patient has no medical problems and is on no supplemental medications Case 4 Case 4 • Peripheral blood smear • Physical exam is unremarkable except for • Serum and RBC Folate some gait unsteadiness • Serum Homocysteine and Methylmalonic • Initial lab studies include a hgb of 9 .0 g/dL , acid hct of 27%, WBC of 2.8, platelets of 100,000/ul, MCV of 110 fL, RPI of 1, and • Serum B12 RDW of 18 • Parietal cell Antibodies • Intrinsic Factor Antibodies • Schilling Test 12 Case 4 Case 5 • Peripheral blood smear shows macrocytic red cells and hypersegmented neutrophils • Patient is 52 year old male with diabetes and hypertension • Red cell and serum folate normal • Patient noted