SPECIAL WORKING DOCUMENT FOR THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONFERENCE REPORT ON CULTURE PREPARED BY THE COMMISSION AND APPROVED FOR ISSUE AT A STEERING COMMITTEE MEETING HELD ON 19TH AUGUST, 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. 1 FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................. 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................ 7 PART I: THE CONCEPT OF CULTURE AND ITS APPLICATION ...................................... 22 1.0 MANDATE ....................................................................................................................... 22 2.0 THE CONCEPT OF CULTURE AND ITS APPLICATION..................................... 22 2.1 Definition of Culture................................................................................................ 22 2.2 What Culture is not.................................................................................................. 23 2.3 Culture As Applied To Development...................................................................... 23 2.4 Culture, Policy And Development Planning ........................................................... 26 2.5 Culture, Linguistic Diversity And Language Policy ............................................... 31 2.6 Globalizations and Culture ...................................................................................... 39 PART II: CULTURE IN INTERNATIONAL POLICY AND LAW......................................... 43 3.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 43 3.1 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) . 43 3.2 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights .......................................................... 43 3.3 The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights .............................................. 44 3.4 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 46 3.5 The United Nations Educations, Scientific and Cultural Organisation Documents 47 PART III: CULTURE, CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE PRACTICES.................. 52 4.0 CURRENT CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS ON CULTURE ............................ 52 5.0 LEGISLATION THAT HAS RELEVANCE TO CULTURE.................................... 53 6.0 PROVISIONS ON CULTURE IN OTHER CONSTITUTIONS ............................... 65 PART IV: CULTURE, SOCIETY AND PEOPLES VIEWS ..................................................... 73 7.0 ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL PROFILES OF THE KENYAN ETHNIC COMMUNITIES ..................................................................................................................... 73 7.1 The Philosophy Of Life: .......................................................................................... 73 7.2 The Political Organisation:...................................................................................... 73 7.3 The Judicial System................................................................................................. 75 7.4 Representation Of The People................................................................................. 76 7.5 The Social Organization .......................................................................................... 76 7.6 Socialization And Education: .................................................................................. 77 7.7 Land, Environment And Economy.......................................................................... 78 8.0 VIEWS OF KENYANS ON CULTURE .................................................................... 80 8.1 Ethnicity................................................................................................................... 80 8.2 Education:................................................................................................................ 81 1 8.3 Community rights .................................................................................................... 81 8.4 Supremacy of the People and Sovereignty of The Constitution:............................. 81 8.5 Preservation and Documentation of Cultural practices: .......................................... 81 8.6 Judiciary:.................................................................................................................. 82 8.7 Media:...................................................................................................................... 83 8.8 National Goals and Values: ..................................................................................... 83 8.9 Female Genital Mutilation....................................................................................... 83 8.10 Language: ................................................................................................................ 83 8.11 Material Culture:...................................................................................................... 84 8.12 Minorities:................................................................................................................ 84 8.13 Traditions:................................................................................................................ 84 8.14 Governance and Representation: ............................................................................. 85 8.15 Family and Marriage: .............................................................................................. 85 8.16 Compensation .......................................................................................................... 85 8.17 Traditional brews:.................................................................................................... 85 8.18 Intellectual Property Rights:.................................................................................... 85 PART V: TOWARDS A MULTICULTURAL CONSTITUTION FOR NATIONAL UNITY 90 9.0 AUDIT REPORT OF THE DRAFT BILL FROM A CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE:90 9.1 THE PREAMBLE ................................................................................................... 90 9.2 SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE, SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION AND SOURCES OF LAW ................................................................................................. 90 9.3 THE REPUBLIC ..................................................................................................... 92 9.4 NATIONAL GOALS, VALUES AND PRINICIPLES .......................................... 94 9.5 CITIZENSHIP ......................................................................................................... 95 9.6 THE BILL OF RIGHTS .......................................................................................... 95 9.7 REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE................................................................ 98 9.8 THE LEGISLATURE: ............................................................................................ 99 9.9 THE EXECUTIVE ................................................................................................ 101 9.10 JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEM..................................................................... 101 9.11 DEVOLUTION ..................................................................................................... 102 9.12 CHAPTER 11 - LAND AND PROPERTY........................................................... 102 9.13 CHAPTER 12: ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES................... 103 9.14 CHAPTER 13: PUBLIC FINANCE & REVENUE MANAGEMENT................ 103 9.15 PUBLIC SERVICE ............................................................................................... 104 9.16 CHAPTER 15: DEFENCE AND NATIONAL SECURITY ................................ 104 9.17 CHAPTER 16: LEADERSHIP AND INTEGRITY.............................................. 104 9.18 CHAPTER 17: CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS: ..................................... 104 9.19 CHAPTERS 18, 19 AND 20 (AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUION, INTERPRETATION, TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS) ................................................ 106 10.0 VIEWS OF DELEGATES AT THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONFERENCE ..................................................................................................................... 107 10.1 Preamble ................................................................................................................ 107 10.2 Family and Marriage.............................................................................................. 107 10.3 Welfare, Basic Needs and Social Security ............................................................ 107 10.4 Language................................................................................................................ 108 2 10.5 Council of Elders ................................................................................................... 108 10.6 Kenyan Communities ............................................................................................ 108 10.7 Land and Economy................................................................................................ 108 10.8 Communal Rights .................................................................................................. 109 11.0 TOWARDS A MULTICULTURAL KENYA SOCIETY........................................ 110 11.1 Challenges in implementing