MODERN HISTORY 2020 Title Page No Title Page No Mughal Empire 1 Bardoli Satyagraha 87 Consequences of Hartog committee 91 decline of Mughal Empire 10 Abinav Bharat Society 100 The Rajput states 17 Calcutta Session 103 The Sikhs 20 Home Rule Movement 106 The Bengal and its Nawabs 22 Government Acts for Family system and status Swadeshi Movement 108 of women 32 Swadeshi phase 109 V asco De Gama 3 6 Anti partition movement 111 The Portuguese 39 Moderates vs. Extremists 114 The Dutch 40 Komata Maru Incident 117 British entry in trade 41 Home Rule Movement 119 The growth of the EIC trade 42 The Tolstoy farm 123 First Carnatic war 45 Gandhiji In India 124 British occupied Bengal 47 The revolutionary Subsidiary alliance 53 Terrorists 135 Dalhousie and the policy The Poona Pact 143 of annexation 59 Individual Satyagraha 147 British economic p olicies 63 Important Happenings 151 British administrative system 71 Social and cultural policy 75 Important concepts 79 Anti - Simon commission 84 M O D E R N H I S T O R Y 2 0 2 0 Mughal Empire deputed by Aurangzeb. The Mughal Rajput relation became worse during the period of AURANGZEB: Auran gzeb. • Aurangzeb was the only Mughal • Aurangzeb imprisoned his Emperor who was not a father and made himself the drunkard. Aurangzeb is Padushah in 1658. But his considered as religiously actual coronation was fanatic. He was also a temple conducted in 1659. Alamgir was breaker. He persecuted the the name adopted by Aurangzeb Hindus and imposed when he became the Padushah. prohibition against the free Aurangzeb is known as ‘Zinda exercise of Holi and Diwali. Pir’ or living saint because of his Aurangzeb died in 1707 simple life. February 20, at Ahmednagar. • He banned music and dance. He Aurangzeb’s tomb is situated at ousted all the artists from his Daulatabad in Maharashtra. court. At the same time, he was • The unity and stability of the an accomplished Veena player. Empire had been shaken up Aurangzeb was the last great during the long and strong reign Mughal Emperor. of Aurangzeb; yet in spite of his • In 1675 he executed 9th Sikh many harmful policies, the Guru, Guru Tej Be hadur Mughal adm inistration was still because of his reluctance to quite efficient and the Mughal accept Islam. Teg Behadur was army quite strong at the time, of executed at the Chandni Chauk. his death in 1707. In 1679 Aurangzeb constructed • Moreover, the Mughal dynasty the tomb of his only wife Rubiad still commanded respect in the Daurani at Aurangabad in country. Maharashtra. It is known as • Later Mughals Bahadurshah I Bibi ka Makabara. It is came to the throne after the otherwise known as M ini death of Aurangzeb. His real Tajmahal as it was the blind name was Muassam. imitation of Tajmahal. • In 1739 Nadirshah Quli the • In the same year he reimpossed Persian conqueror attacked jaziya upon all the non - India during the period of the Muslims, which was earlier Mughal Emperor Muhammed abolished by Akbar.Aurangzeb Shah or Rustan Khan (1719 - called Shivaji a ‘mountain rat’ 1748) and took away Shah and gave him the title Raja Jahan’s famous Peacock Throne because of his guerilla tacti cs. and Kohinoor Diamond. • In 1660 he entrusted Shaisthakhan to defeat Shivaji. Ahmedshah’s (1748 - 1 754) Later in 1665 the treaty of His period saw the mighty invasion of Purandar was signed between Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan. Maharaja Jai Singh of Amber and Shivaji. Jaisingh was 1 M O D E R N H I S T O R Y 2 0 2 0 Amber and by forcing Ajit Singh Akbar Shah II (1806 - 1837) of Marwar to submit to Mughal He conferred the title ‘‘Raja’’ upon authority. Ram Mohan Roy. • Bahadur shah’s policy towards the Maratha sardars (chiefs) Bahadurshah II (1837 - 1862) was that of half - hearted conciliation. He granted them • He was the last Mughal the sardeshmukhi of the Deccan emperor. On 17th May 1857 and he failed to grant them the Bahadurshah II was declared chauth and thus to satisfy them the independent Emperor of fully. India by the Mutineers. • He also did not recognize Shahu • He was surrendered to Lt as the rightful Maratha King. He W.S.R. Hodson at Humayun’s thus let Tara Bai and Shahu Tomb in Delhi. In 1859 he was tight for supremacy over the deported to Rangoon in Maratha Kingdom. December where he expired on • The result was that Shahu and Nov. 7, 1862. The Tomb of the Maratha sardars remained Bahadurshah II is in Yangon , dissatisfied and the Deccan the capital of Myanmar. continued to be a prey to • Bahadurshah II was also a disorder. The peace and order of famous Urdu Poet. Deccan d eteriorated as the Bahadurshah II was also known Marathas fought themselves as Bahadurshah Zafar. Zafar and with Mughal empire. means gifted poet. • Bahadur Shah had tried to conciliate the rebellious Sikhs Bahadur Shah I (1707 - 1712) by making peace with Guru Gobind Singh and giving him a • After Aurangzeb’s death, high mansab (rank), But after Bahadur Shah emerged the death of the Guru, the Sikhs victorious among the 3 once aga in raised the banner of brothers . He followed a policy of revolt in the Punjab under the compromise and conciliation, leadership of Banda Bahadur. and there was evidence of the • Thus, the hostility between reversal of some of the Sikhs and Mughals continued. narrowminded policies and Bahadur Shah conciliated measures adopted by Chatarsal, the Bundela chief, Aurangzeb. He adopted a more who remained a loyal feudatory, tolerant attitude towards the and the Jat chief Churaman, Hindu chiefs and rajas. There who joined him in the campaign was no destr uction of temples in against Banda Bahadur. his reign. • Due to the reckless grants of • He tried to have a greater jagirs and promotions the control over the Rajput states of financial condition of the Amber and Marwar (Jodhpur) empire further deteriorated. He by replacing Jai Singh by his tried to find solution to these younger brother Vijai Singh at problems but his untimely 2 M O D E R N H I S T O R Y 2 0 2 0 death in 1712 opened new was given title of Mirza Raja di mension in the history of Sawai and appointed governor Mughal politics. of Malwa Ajit singh of Marwar was awarded Title of Maharaja Jahandar Shah : and appointed governor of Gujarat. • After the death of Bahadur Shah • In a nutshell their demands the war of succession got new during the period of Bahadur dimension in Mughal politics. Shah I was accepted. Maratha Until now nobles only ruler was granted the chauth supported the aspirants to the and sardeshmukhi of Deccan throne, and now they with a condition that collection themselves aspired for the would be done by Mughal power and used princes as mere of ficials and then handed over pawns to capture the seats of to Maratha officials. authority. • In the succeeding wars of He Tried to improve finances by succession Jahandar Shah, won taking some steps – because he was supported by Zulfiqar Khan, the most Checked the reckless growth of powerful noble of the time. jagirs and offices. Jahandar Shah was a weak and Compelled the mansabdars (nobles) degenerate prince who was to maintain their official quota of wholly devoted to pleasure. troops. • He lacked good manners and Encouraged Ijarah or revenue dignity and decency. Sailendra farming. Sen describes him as "a worthless debauch [who] Zulfiqaar khan : became emperor after liquidating his three brothers". • “Never underestimate the power • Zulfiqar Khan, who had become of jealousy and the power of his wazir made efforts tow ards envy to destroy. Never improving the conditions of the underestimate that” - Oliver empire in the fields of politics, Stone finance, governance and • Many jealous nobles secretly military. worked against Zulfiqar Khan. • Zulfiqar Khan believed that it Worse still, the Emperor too did was necessary to establish not give him his trust and friendly relations with the cooperation in full measure. The Rajput rajas and the Maratha Emperor's ears were poisoned sardars and to conciliate the against Zulfiqa r Khan by Hind u chieftains in general in un scrupulous favorites. order to strengthen his own • He was told that his wazir was position at the Court and to save becoming too powerful and the Empire. ambitious and might even • He abolished Jaziya was overthrow the Emperor himself. abolished. Jai Singh of amber The cowardly Emperor dared 3 M O D E R N H I S T O R Y 2 0 2 0 not dismiss the powerful wazir, of India. The Sayyid brothers but he began to intrigue against made a rigorous effort to him secretly. No thing could control rebellions and to save have been more destructive of the Empire from administrative healthy administration. disin tegration. They failed in • Jahandar Shah ‟ s inglorious these tasks mainly because they reign came to an early end in were faced with constant January 1713 when he was political rivalry, quarrels, and defeated at Agra Farrukh Siyar, conspiracies at the court. his nephew. • The financial position of the state deteriorated rapidly as Farrukh Siyar (1713 - 1719) : zamindars and rebellious elements refused to pay lan d • He became Emperor by revenue, officials defeat ing his uncle Jahandar misappropriated state revenues, Shah at Agra in 1713. He was and central income declined supported by the Abdullah because of the spread of Khan and Husain All Khan revenue farming. Baraha, who were therefore • The salaries of officials and given the offices of wazir and soldiers could not be paid Mir Bakshi respectively.