Journal of Nature Studies 10 (2): 1- 15 ISSN: 1655-3179 ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS IN THE LOS BAÑOS SUBWATERSHED THROUGH PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES D.B. Magcale-Macandog, J.L. Balon, K. G. Engay, O. B. S. Nicopior, D. A. Luna and C.P. dela Cruz Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños College, Laguna, Philippines 4031 Abstract - The Los Baños subwatershed has very high biodiversity attributed to the Makiling Forest Reserve that houses most of the country’s important plant and animal biota. It provides surface water, and is also the major recharge zone for ground water that supplies most of the water needed by surrounding lowland municipalities. An initial rapid assessment of patterns and drivers of land-use changes, aimed at developing an understanding of the interactions between land cover, economic intensification and river-catchment functioning, in the Laguna Lake watershed was done through the conduct of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approaches on three local communities within the Los Baños subwatershed. The three study sites underwent various land use changes in the past eight decades. Land use changes in the subwatershed were driven by demand for food, income, policy intervention, and sustainability of agricultural system. In the upstream site, the main issue was the lack of livelihood sources. In the midstream site, landslides and flashfloods were the main problems. In the coastal site, the productivity and the quality of fish caught from the lake significantly shrank due to uncontrolled dumping of toxic, domestic and household wastes into the lake. Various solutions were proposed by the communities to address these various environmental problems. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of PRA approaches in involving the local community in understanding the environmental problems they face and crafting solutions to address their problems. It is envisioned that the implementation of the various proposed solutions will be successful since these emanate from the community. Keywords Los Baños Subwatershed, Participatory Rural Appraisal, PRA, environmental degradation, land use change, Laguna Lake. Introduction PAWB and UPCIDS, 2002). About four (4) types of vegetation are recognized in Mt. Makiling based on The Los Baños subwatershed encompasses the altitude: upper montane rain forest (above 1000 m), municipalities of Los Baños and Bay, and the city of lower montane rain forest (above 750 m), lowland Calamba. A total of 44 barangays are covered by the evergreen rain forest (100 – 500 m), and Parang subwatershed. In 2000, the National Statistics Office vegetation consisting of a mixture of grassland and (NSO) documented a total human population of 406, second-growth forest (Fernando et al., 2004). Mt. 935, with 58.3% living in urban settlements and Makiling has a very rich biodiversity, hence listed as 41.7% in rural settlements. The stakeholders are one of the hotspots in the Philippines. It was classified into four major groups, namely: local declared a forest reserve in 1910 to function as a resource users (e.g. households, kaingineros, training laboratory because of its educational and hunters, agro-industries), mediating institutions, scientific values. An estimated 225 families, 949 economic interest groups, and civil society (LEAP, genera, and 2, 038 species, 19 sub-species, 167 2005). varieties, and many cultivars of flowering plants and ferns have been recorded from the Makiling Forest A major portion of the Los Baños subwatershed Reserve (Pancho 1983; LEAP 2005). Fernando is the Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve (MFR). It was (2004) has listed 15 endemic species of angiosperms identified as an extremely high critical area for found within the area. MFR is known internationally conservation priority in the Philippines (DENR- as the home of woody plants. To cite this paper: Macandog, D. et al. 2011. Assessment of the environmental degradation and proposed 1 solutions in the Los Baños subwatershed through participatory approaches. Journal of Nature Studies. 10 (2): 1-15 Macandog, D. et al Assessment of the environmental degradation and proposed solutions in the Los Baños subwatershed through participatory approaches Macandog, D. et al In terms of faunal diversity, Mt. Makiling has a The lake vegetation generally has a low diversity remarkable record. It is home to an estimated 120 of vascular plants with only 19 families and 26 avian species, with recorded 59 endemics belonging genera and species of herbs, climbing plants and to 26 families (Mallari et al. 2001; Gonzales 2000). aquatic angiosperms (Fernando, 2004). In terms of It is also identified as very high mammal important fish diversity, about 33 species have been recorded area in the Philippines with bats and rodents as the by various authors (LEAP, 2005). Of this record, 9 most diverse groups. With references to reptilian are indigenous, 19 exotic or introduced, and 5 are and amphibian diversity, 52 and 25 species have migratory. Ten (10) species of snails have been been recorded in Mt. Makiling and the vicinity, recorded to inhabit the lake. An economically respectively (LEAP, 2005). Although no exhaustive important feed bivalve (Corbiculafluminea) for duck studies on insects, except perhaps for the butterflies industry thrives in most part of the lake. Other (Cayabyab, 2000) and mealybugs (Lit and Calilung, species of mollusk include the kohol, Pilaluzonica 1994), Mt. Makiling appears to support a very high and the introduced large bivalve, diversity of this faunal group. With such Soletellinaelongata. These species are harvested for biodiversity, the subwatershed of Los Baños- human consumption. Makiling clearly offers a wide range of ecosystem Agriculture in the Los Baños subwatershed is a goods and services. relatively insignificant activity in the area. Although As an economic resource base, MFR provides it accounts for a small percentage of income in the farming and livelihood opportunities for those subwatershed, the status of this sector must be residing within and along its peripheries (CLUP-LB defined as it may have an impact on the quality of 2006). It is the primary source of water supply to the natural resources. Activities, including animal surrounding agricultural lands and communities, and crop production, may generate income and food including the UPLB complex, numerous resorts, and supply. However, these activities may also the geothermal power plant. Around 20% of the contribute to the degradation of land and water more than 1,000 families living inside the MFR resources. Many stakeholders in the Los Baños depend on surface water from the creeks for their subwatershed engage in raising backyard animals needs. MFR’s watersheds are likely to be the major including broiler, duck, and swine. Waste disposal recharge zones for ground water that supply most of management has been identified necessary for this the water needed by Los Baños and Calauan town, activity. For instance, backyard swine raising is and the City of Calamba in Laguna, and Sto. Tomas compounded by the usual lack of waste treatment and Tanauan towns in Batangas. Areas close to and the untreated wastes subsequently reach the major rivers, especially floodplains that are lake. Rice production is another activity within the characterized by unconsolidated to loosely Los Baños subwatershed. However, the area is not consolidated sand, gravel, silt and clay deposits, are self-sufficient in rice. Factors affecting rice susceptible to erosion, scouring or undercutting production include poor farm management, natural during heavy and/or continuous rains wherein run- calamities such as typhoon and flood, pests and off is usually above normal. Based on slope and diseases, and land use change. On the other hand, vegetative cover, around 40% of the MFR has aquaculture which includes fish ponds, cages, and moderate to high erosion potential. Areas with high pens is the main activity in Laguna Lake. The vast erosion potential are those currently occupied, fish pen area in Los Baños produces about 80% of cultivated and/or open grassland (CLUP-LB, 2006). the total fish pen output in the entire subwatershed The Los Baños subwatershed drains into the (LEAP, 2005). largest lake of the Philippines, the Laguna de Bay. It Anthropogenic activities such as land use change, has a surface area of 900 km2 with an average depth settlements, agricultural activities, and aquaculture of 2.5 m, classifying it into one of the shallowest have brought environmental degradation of the Los lakes in Southeast Asia. The water volume is Banos subwatershed. Landslide, soil erosion and approximately 2.25 km3 and this high surface area to floods occur during rainy season, while lake volume ratio accounts for the lake’s characteristic pollution resulted from improper waste disposal of turbidity (Santos-Borja & Nepomuceno, 2006). The liquid and solid wastes into the lake as well as lake is bordered by the province of Laguna in the aquaculture activities. east, west and southwest, the province of Rizal in Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a growing the north to northeast, and Metropolitan Manila in family of approaches and methods to enable local the northwest (Guzman and Estiva, 2006). Its 285- people to express, enhance, share, and analyze their km shoreline delineates three (3) distinct bays; knowledge of life and conditions, and to plan and to namely, the west, central, and east bays. South bay act (Chambers, 1994). The PRA is capable of has been referred to along the southwestern towns of preserving the community's indigenous knowledge Laguna which includes Los Baños, Pila, Victoria, and, most importantly, it seeks to empower people. and the city of Calamba, (Santos-Borja and It offers information that is generated, analyzed, Nepomuceno, 2006). owned, and shared by local people. 2 Journal of Nature Studies 10 (2) July to December 2011 Assessment of the environmental degradation and proposed solutions in the Los Baños subwatershed through participatory approaches An initial rapid assessment of patterns and drivers factors that caused the existing problems in the of land-use changes aimed at developing an community.