Index 1o/o criterium 28, 33 133-139, 160, 161, 165, 167, 180, 192, 201, broad-billed sandpiper 244 Actitis hypoleucos, see also common sandpiper 29 202,205,216,224,233,265,280,281,293, brood patch 242, 252, 279 Actitis macularia, see also spotted sandpiper 286 296, 318, 328, 344 brood, of shellfish 23, 231, 236-239, 242, 252, adultery 283 Bay of Dakhla 12 257,258,273,279,287,289,293,295-298,334 AEWA, see African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement Bay of Fundy 12, 13, 15, 224 brooding, of chickens 242, 260, 296 African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement 342 Belgium 11, 233 Briinnich 27 air speed 100 benthic fauna 122, 124, 125, 323, 330, 332, 336 Buccinum undatum, see also whelk 329 Alaska SO, 54, 105, 144, 252, 273, 277 Berg River Estuary 125 buffer hypothesis 269 algae 11, 19, 20, 73, 179, 329, 330 Bijag6s Archipel 95, 124, 125, 137 bullfinch 169 ambient temperature 129, 155, 157, 208, 255, bill length 188, 195, 201, 202, 203, 225 Burry Inlet 313, 333 256,260 bill shapes 85 butterfly flight 281 Ameland 210, 340 biodiversity 334, 335, 342 calcium 17, 107, 156, 162, 173, 184, 188, 193 American black brent goose 29 biomass 21, 24, 122, 170, 175-177, 195,209-211, calcium, protective layer 184, 192 American golden plover 261 213,227,228,229,301,319,321,323,330, Calidris alba, see also sanderling 28, 46 American razor clam 21 332, 333 Calidris alpina, see also dunlin 28, SO amphipod, see also Corophium volutator 21-24, Black Sea 13, 68 Calidris canutus, see also red knot 28, 31, 44 119, 159, 166, 172, 173, 177, 181-184, 196, black-bellied brent goose 28, 29 Calidris ferruginea, see also curlew sandpiper 28, 197, 204, 210-214, 219, 223, 224, 228, 229, blackbird 241 48 265,266,332,333 blackcap 145 Calidris maritima, see also purple sandpiper 28, Anadara senilis, see also giant bloody cockle 176 black-headed gull81, 204, 205, 214, 216, 223, 53 Anas actua, see also pintail 79 224, 227 Calidris minuta, see also little stint 28, 52 Anas clypeata, see also shoveler 79 black-tailed godwit 54, 55, 89, 137, 233, 264, camouflage 67, 89, 90, 244, 248, 260 Anas crecca, see also teal 79 265, 293 Canada 12, 13, 31, 40, 41, 43, 44, 53, 58, 97, Anas penelope, see also wigeon 28 bladderwrack seaweed 24 98, 112, 131, 132, 143, 144, 173, 174 Anas platyrhynchos, see also mallard 28 body mass 30, 89, 93, 116, 203, 253, 257, 338 cannon net 30, 31, 160, 161 anatomy 231, 279 benthic animals 173, 174, 185 canvasback 284 ancestral wader 288, 289 food consumption 156, 157, 161, 163, 165, 193 Cape Sterlegova 272, 273 Anser brachyrhynchus, see also pink-footed goose migration 101, 105, 106 Carcinus maenas, see also common shore crab 338 winter 168, 169 20,148,185,204 anti-fouling 21, 329 body size 21, 29, 31, 34, 50, 136, 180, 181, 201, Cardium, see also cockle 21 Araneae 272 202,293 career planning 299 Arctic fox 120, 244, 245, 273, 314, 316 body temperature 89, 127, 131, 156, 260 carrying capacity 209, 213, 307, 321, 340 Arctic tern 82, 83, 104, 118, 192, 264 bomb calorimeter 173 Casamance 12 Arenaria interpres interpres, see also (ruddy) turn­ Bonn Convention 342, 343 Cerastoderma edule, see also cockle 20, 196, 198, stone 29, 33 border incident 222 200,212,216,336 Arenicola marina, see also lugworm 20, 177, brackish water 7 4 Chad 60 197,212 Branta bemicla bernie/a, see also (black-bellied) chameleon shrimp 226 ash-free dry meat 163 brent goose 28, 29 Charadrius alexandrinus, see also kentish plover ash-free dry weight 173 Branta leucopsis, see also barnacle goose 28, 29 28,41 Asian Wetland Bureau 342 Branta bemicla hrota, see also (white-bellied) Charadrius apricaria, see also golden plover 27 Asiatic golden plover 145 brent goose 28, 29 Charadrius hiaticula, see also ringed plover 27, aspect ratio 98 Branta bemicla nigricans, see also (American 28,31,40 Australia 46, 49, 64, 96, 159, 342, 344 black) brent goose 28, 29 Charadrius melodus, see also piping plover 245 avocet38,39, 84, 85,88,90,93, 121,209,221, bream 191 Charadrius morinellus, see also dotterel 286 224-226,233,236,241,244,249,250,256, breeding area 31, 37, 45, 49, 54, 56, 63, 73, 82, Charadrius semipalmatus, see also semipalmated 261,265,266,268,269,293 90, 97, 101, 135, 136, 137, 140, 141, 143, plover 284 Aythya americana, see also redhead 284 145,236,237,274,299,302,309,313,339 chick 37-39, 43-83, 120, 121, 139, 140, 156, Aythya valisineria, see also canvasback 284 arctic 112 236-245, 250, 255-307, 313-320 Aythya ferina, see also pochard 284 arrival and departure in 276, 277 adoption 256, 260, 288, 289 Aythya fuligula, see also tufted duck 284 boreal96 brooding 242, 260, 296 Baie d' Arguin 208 disturbance in 41, 83, 245, 338 creche 75, 261, 265 Balgzand 24, 25, 176, 177, 335 breeding extramarital young 286 Baltic Sea 13, 36, 50, 68, 73, 75, 77, 145, 174, attempt 231, 232, 236, 237, 273, 297, 299 food provision 264 176,266 density 316 growing conditions 237, 239, 256, 257, 260, Baltic tellin 20-22, 24, 25, 86, 155, 163, 166, habitat 250, 264, 266, 267, 309, 322, 339 268, 272, 279 173-176, 183-189, 191, 195, 197, 202, 210, season 36-56, 66-82, 96, 98, 109, 133, 134, oystercatcher 257, 266, 284, 302 211,213,217,221,224,229,266,319,336 144,231,237,253,256,261,264-273,276, predation 258, 261, 264, 268, 272, 273, 276, depth distribution 184, 188, 189 278,284,286,293,295,297,300,305,308, 300 Bancd'Arguin 11, 12, 14, 95, 99,102,104-108, 310, 312, 314, 317, 321-325, 337-339 production 239, 307, 313, 320 113, 116, 122, 124, 132, 133, 136-139, 161, territory 231, 242, 248, 257, 268, 269, 272, China 12, 38, 342, 344 165,168,176,180,182,201,204,208,212, 295,297,313,317,320,323 CITES 342 228,300,321,333,342 timing of 274, 276, 278 climate 12, 13, 119, 122, 124, 127, 133, 136, barbary falcon 124 brent goose 20, 33, 72, 73, 88, 89, 96, 98, 104, 145,177,260,308,339,342,344 barn owl257 113, 118, 121, 140, 144, 145, 309, 310, change 145, 339 barn swallow 280, 284 314-316, 337, 344 club birds 270, 272, 301, 302, 305, 313, 317 barnacle goose 28, 73, 145, 260, 277 brent goose, American black 29 clutch 240-244, 248, 256, 257, 265, 272-278, barnacles 11, 67, 151, 329 brent goose, black-bellied 29 283,284,293,295-297 Barrow, Alaska 252, 273, 277 brent goose, white-bellied 29, 72 number of 232 bar-tailed godwit 31, 33, 35, 54, 55, 85, 93, 97, brine shrimp 13 renesting 273, 274, 287, 295 100, 105, 106, 108, 112, 116, 125, 126, Brittany 12, 36, 40, 74 size 53, 241, 242, 256, 269, 272, 278, 298, 322 363 cockle 21, 24, 25, 37, 45, 86, 119, 149, 150, departure direction 109, 112, 117 intake 129, 131, 132, 154, 155, 156, 255, 278 152, 153, 159, 162, 164-166, 169, 172-177, depth distribution 188 requirements 119, 121, 154, 156, 157, 162, 184, 185, 191-200, 204, 205, 210-217, 229, desert fox 124 166, 181, 193, 335 265, 319-324, 333-337, 343 deserting plover 296 reserves 119, 139, 140 bed24, 152,164,216,323,335,336 desertion 296, 297, 305 stores 117, 134, 136, 169, 338 biomass 211 deuterium 101 use 100, 101, 127, 134 fishery 335, 336 dieldrin 329 England 14, 17, 30, 31, 50, 53, 64, 72, 75, 77, common goby 162, 186 digestion 88, 131 81,161,174,177,210,221,274,276,309, common gull 81, 204, 216, 245, 248 rate of 163, 164 313,339,343 common pochard 284 digestive heat 131 Ensis directus, see also American razor clam 21 common salt marsh grass 20, 339 digestive tract 131, 155, 157, 162 Enteromorpha 11 common sandpiper 27, 34, 65, 92, 96, 134, 140, discharge 20, 329, 330, 332, 333 environmental conditions 89 161,180,233,265,293 display 50, 56, 77, 93, 131, 245, 281-284, 294, environmental organisations 341, 344 common sea-lavender 20 295,301 Eskimo curlew 105, 145, 337 common shelduck, see also shelduck 74, 75 distribution 17, 22, 23, 30, 34, 38, 66, 81, 82, estuary 11, 12, 23, 122, 124, 125, 145, 157, 174, common shore crab 20, 21, 23-25, 119, 148-150, 89, 102, 140, 149, 170-172, 181, 182, 197, 177,204,210,212,221,229-301,307,308, 162, 169, 173, 184, 186, 187, 191, 192, 204, 237,287,305,307,310,312,325 312, 313, 318, 321, 325, 327-330 211,224,336 age-related 205 Eurasia 28, 95, 96 common snipe 34, 85 of birds 205, 213, 215, 224, 236, 268, 269, Eurasian dotterel, see also dotterel 286 common tern 82, 83, 104, 264 271,273 Eurasian golden plover, see also golden plover compass disturbance 86, 180, 183, 223, 240, 245, 253, 261 earth magnetic 110 260,308,324 European Court of Justice 343 inclination 112 in the breeding area 315 Everglades 342 polarisation 110, 114 by birds of prey 160 evolution 29, 99, 145, 236, 268, 287-289, 293, star 110, 113, 114, 117 distance 337, 338 296, 311, 329 sun 110 on high tide roosts 160 Exe estuary 177, 204, 210, 300, 301, 312, 313, competition 25, 137, 181, 202, 224, 260, 268, of humans 83 320, 321 280,296,302,307-317,320,323,324,333, divorce 304, 305 exploration drilling 308 337, 338 Djoudj area 342 exposure time 16, 17, 110, 157, 165, 169, 340 between species 24, 224 DNA 31, 33, 141 extra pair behaviour 285 for food 137, 202, 324, 337 fingerprinting 285, 298 fat 15, 18, 30, 45, 88, 101, 108, 109, 117, 138, for partners 236 dodo 337 139, 156, 161, 191, 245, 266 for the best sites 136, 302 Dollard estuary 15, 20, 39, 60, 79, 329, 330, breakdown 107 in the winter 338 332,333 content 173 on the breeding grounds 316 dominance 177, 204, 301, 303, 304, 312 stores in winter 133 condition 90, 119, 137, 151, 173-176, 184-186, dotterel 281 stores 30, 45, 99, 100, 105, 106, 116, 125, 200,241,313-315,321,338 double clutching 295, 296 132-137, 145, 157, 164, 165, 169, 256, 317, cones 87 doubly labelled water 101 320 consumption 98, 101, 128, 136, 155, 164, 165, drilling rig 341 fat-free tissue 100, 108 166,228,237,252,255,260