Textbook for Vocational Training − Technology of Metal Working − Part 2 Table of Contents Textbook for Vocational Training − Technology of Metal Working − Part 2................................................1 Preface...................................................................................................................................................1 5. Manufacturing Method of Separating..................................................................................................2 5.1. Dividing.....................................................................................................................................3 5.2. Chip−detaching.......................................................................................................................10 5.3. Erosion....................................................................................................................................94 6. Manufacturing Method of Joining....................................................................................................102 6.1. Joining by Pressing On and In..............................................................................................105 6.2. Joining by Initial Shaping......................................................................................................120 6.3. Joining by Forming................................................................................................................124 6.4. Joining by Uniting Substances..............................................................................................131 7. Manufacturing Method of Coating...................................................................................................147 7.1. Coating with Solid Coating Substances................................................................................149 7.2. Coating with Liquid Coating Substance................................................................................152 7.3. Coating with Vapour−like or Gaseous Coating Substance...................................................159 7.4. Coating with an Ionized Coating Substance.........................................................................161 8. Manufacturing Methods Changing the Properties of Materials.......................................................166 8.1. Changing the Properties of Materials by a Rearrangement of Particles of Matter................167 9. Trends of Manufacturing Methods..................................................................................................172 9.1. Initial Shaping........................................................................................................................172 9.2. Forming.................................................................................................................................173 9.3. Separating.............................................................................................................................173 9.4. Joining...................................................................................................................................174 9.5. Coating and Changing the Properties of Materials...............................................................174 i ii Textbook for Vocational Training − Technology of Metal Working − Part 2 CRYSTAL Lehr− und Lernmittel, Informationen, Beratung Educational Aids Literature, Consulting Moyens didactiques, Informations, Service−conseil Material didáctico, Informaciones, Asesoría Feedback: IBE e.V. 90−34−0107/2 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH Institut für berufliche Entwicklung e.V. Berlin Original title: "Technologie der Metallbearbietung − Teil 2" Authors: Werner Kulke Karl−Walter Finze Rainer Hentschel Volker Rempke First edition © IBE Institut für berufliche Entwicklung e.V. Parkstraße 23 13187 Berlin Order No.: 90−34−0107/2 Preface The present textbook imparts knowledge of the technology of metal working. The manufacturing methods of initial shaping, forming, separating, joining, coating and changing the properties of materials are dealt with in great detail. This textbook is intended for trainees in trades of the metalworking industry. 1 In a clearly arranged way, the means of work, the operations involved and the applications regarding the individual manufacturing methods are described. A large number of comprehensive illustrations ensure that the subject−matters of the textbook can be grasped essily, that they are represented vividly and are closely related to practice. The necessary expert knowledge of technological processes is imparted to the trainee so that he will be in a position to tackle the problems involved unaided and in a creative manner. The acquired knowledge will enable him to use the most important manufacturing methods in practice. Rules to be kept in mind and summaries are given for focal points. Information about work safety is marked by two vertical lines on the left margin of the text in question. The questions put at the end of the Chapters serve for checking the knowledge actually acquired. 5. Manufacturing Method of Separating Keep in mind: By separating, the shape of a workpiece is changed while the coherence of the material is neutralized at the point of separation. The desired and actually achieved change in shape may be quite different: − The workpiece may be divided into several parts (Fig. 5.0.1.) − Larger portions may be removed from a workpiece (Fig. 5.0.2.) − Small amounts of material are removed from the surface of the workpiece while the surface is smoothed at the same time (Fig. 5.0.3.). Figure 5.0.1. Separating a workpiece Figure 5.0.2. Cutting off a part from a workpiece Figure 5.0.3. Smoothing the workpiece surface by separating The coherence of the material can be neutralized by different actions or effects due to which also shapeless matter can be produced, e.g. metal chips. The way of separation is used for a classification of the methods into manufacturing groups (Table 5.1.). Table 5.1. Survey of the methods of separating Separating by dividing: − wedge cutting − shearing − tearing − breaking 2 Separating by chip−detaching with geometrically defined cutting edges: − turning − milling − planing, shaping − drilling, reaming, countersinking and counter−boring − sawing − reaming − scraping, filing − thread cutting Separating by chip−detaching with geometrically undefined cutting edges: − grinding − honing − lapping, polishing Separating by removing particles of material by means of eroding and the like: − eroding − elysing − etching − blasting − torch cutting Separating by decomposition Separating by cleaning Separating by evacuating 5.1. Dividing Dividing is defined as separating into two or more parts. Here, dividing is the heading of a group of manufacturing methods by which a workpiece is separated into two or more parts or parts of a workpiece are severed without producing any shapeless matter. Tool edges or tool surfaces act with high forces on the point of separation. In this process, limited shaping procedures are involved and then, due to overloading the material, the coherence of the latter is neutralized − i.e. the material is divided. 5.1.1. Wedge Cutting Cutting by means of wedges is a method that is widely used in various forms for cutting thin sections such as wire and for cutting out parts of thin plates of different materials. Means of work Nippers. A number of nippers of different size and design operates on the principle of wedge cutting (see also Section, 2.1., Figs. 2.1.15., 2.1.16. and 2.1.17.). Hole−cutting chisels. In manually wedge cutting hole−cutting chisels are used in different sizes and with different diameters (see Fig. 2.1.28.). 3 Pipe cutters. Pipe cutters are also hand tools (Fig. 5.1.1.). A pair of rotary cutting wheels is arranged in the pipe−cutter bow and a third wheel is arranged opposite to them in a vice. By means of a tommy screw, high forces can be applied to the cutting wheels via the spindle. Cutting tools. Depending on the external contour of the workpieces to be cut out, the wedge−shaped ledges are arranged on the tool (See Fig. 2.2.10.). Figure 5.1.1. Pipe cutter 1 Cutting wheel, 2 Movable vice, 3 Bow, 4 Threaded spindle, 5 Tommy screw, 6 Handle Eccentric presses and crank−driven presses. Cutting tools are clamped in presses which carry out the desired cutting motions and provide the necessary forces. Procedure The tool is applied to the position of separation with the wedge−shape cutting edge. Due to the forces acting on the wedge, it penetrates into the material. This leads to elastic deformations and plastic (i.e. permanent) deformations in the position of separation. When the wedge further penetrates into the material, high forces act via the side surfaces of the wedge on the material. As a consequence, the remaining cross−section in the position of separation is loaded so highly that the material breaks (Fig. 5.1.2.). Figure 5.1.2. Principle of wedge cutting 1 Wedge, 2 Workpiece, 3 Deformations, 4 Crack 4 A few of the means of work operate on two sides. In such tools, two wedges opposite to each other cut at the same time. Application The narrow wedges of the tools produce a good separating effect but they do not possess a high stability. Therefore, wedge cutting can only be used for the separation of soft materials. The deformation occurring in the position of separation is a disadvantage especially for metallic materials. − Wires, braided wires and thin rods are cut