The integration of the MiG-21 within The last single seat subversions received by the Romanian Air the Romanian Air Force Force were the MiG-21MF and MiG-21MF-75. Initial deliveries commenced on 19 February 1972 taking place with the last air- The Romanian Air Force received its first twelve MiG-21F13 craft handed over on 26 November 1975. During that period a version fighters from their Russian allies on 13 February 1962. total of seventy-four aircraft were received. These aircraft were flown in by Soviet pilots to Deveselu Air Force base. The next batch was delivered on 15 August 1963 when a The Romanian Air Force also received the trainer version of second squadron entered service with the 57th Fighter Regiment the MiG-21 “Mongol”. A total of seven MiG-21U400s and MiG- at Mihail Kogălniceanu . Back then the new supersonic Fishbeds 21U600s were received, later followed by eleven additional MiG- operated alongside the active MiG-15 and MiG-17 aircraft which 21US aircraft and thirty-two MiG-21Ums. were acquired in large numbers. Introduction of other subtypes of the MiG-21 followed during the late 1960’s until the mid- After the Warsaw Pact invasion in Czechoslovakia the libertine 1970’s. In 1964 the initial MiG-21PF version was delivered and attitude of the Romanian government resulted in a mass troop between January - July 1965 a total of thirty-eight airframes were built up along their borders with Bulgaria, Hungary and the So- received ,followed by a total of fifty-six MiG-21PFMs, of which viet Union. The Romanians mobilized a large volunteer army the first examples were received in January 1966. The Romanian that assisted the home defense of Romania. The Romanians were Air Force had their own type designation for these aircraft. The intimidated regularly during the period between 1970 and 1980 MiG-21PF was referred to as RFM “Radar, Forţaj, Modernizat”, by the Soviet Forces which were conducting military exercises and the MiG-21PFM was referred to as RFMM “Radar, Forţaj, close to the Romanian borders, but none of these intimidations Motor, Modernizat”. The MiG-21PFM was also referred to as resulted in an armed conflict. This however changed the attitude CAPTIONS MiG-21SPS by the maintainers and engineers. towards their allies. Initial MiG-21Rs were delivered from 1972 forward. Between As a result Ceausescu turned to other countries and found new 12 December 1968 until 15 February 1972 a total of twelve allies in China and France. Despite the fact that Ceausescu pur- MiG-21Rs were received operating with the 31st reconnaissance chased 14 Chinese Hong 5 aircraft which were license built Il-28 squadron or Escadrila 31 Cercetare. The MiG-21R, was renamed Beagles and acquired a license to build 200 IAR-316s of which to MiG-21C since the C is the initial letter of the word “cercetare” 120 were delivered to the Air Force The IAR-316s were license which means reconnaissance in Romanian. built Aerospatiale Allouette III helicopters deliveries of Soviet The following subtype received by the Romanian Air Force was built aircraft continued. the MiG-21M and a total of sixty-eight MiG-21Ms, were deliv- The MiG-23 “Flogger” was received from 1978 forward. On 23 ered. The first Mig-21M was delivered to the Air Force on 7 Au- January 1979 first of a total of thirty-six MiG-23 MF and ten ROMANIAN AIR FORCE gust 1969 and the last of the sixty-eight aircraft was handed over MiG-23 UB were active with 57th Mihail Kogălniceanu and 93rd on 21 September 1970. Timisoara-Giarmata fighter regiments. LanceR’s to FALCONS Introduction Since the overthrown dictatorial regime of Romanian Air Force is one of the four Nicolae Ceausescu the Romanian Air Force remaining Air Forces operating the MiG-21 was the first of the former Warsaw Pact within Europe. nations to sign the Partnership for Peace (PfP) treaty in 1994 and stated they wanted After a study that commenced in 2005, to corporate with the European countries. recently the Air Force announced the Romania is a solid NATO member since purchase of twelve F-16s acquired from the 2004 and is fully integrated within the Portuguese Air Force. With only twenty- NATO structure. six remaining operational MiG-21 LanceRs left the integration of the F-16 within the On 22 August 2015 the Romanian aircraft Air Force will commence in the spring of factory Aerostar Bacău, the Romanian Air 2016. The introduction of the F-16 will Force or Forţele Aeriene Române as it was eventually mean the end of the MiG-21 era renamed after the Ceausescu regime and within the Air Force. Recent developments the Israeli Elbit Systems celebrated the fact however showed MiG-21 UM Lancer B that the prototype of the MiG-21 LanceR being refurbished which could mean the made its first flight 20 years ago. operational lifetime of the MiG-21 within the Romanian Air Force will write another In 1995 the Romanian Air Force converted chapter in Romanian Air Force history. a total of 110 MiG-21’s to LanceR standard Some sources state, the MiG-21 LanceR will Caption aiming to prolong the operational lifetime remain operational until approximately of the MiG-21 by 10 years. Currently the 2020, operating parallel with the newly acquired Falcons. 12 13 In 1989 the Romanians were still a member of the Warsaw Pact A situation appraisal was set up and 3 possible alternatives were and despite their libertine attitude the Romanian Air Force was possible options. Modify a part of the existing MiG-21 fleet, mod- still supplied with the latest Russian developed aircraft. The pilots ify a part of the modest fleet of IAR-93 fleet or modify the small of the Romanian Air Force were also still trained in the USSR for fleet of fairly new MiG-29’s. conversion to the various types. As a result two alternatives were further investigated. Studies After the Warsaw Pact ceased to exist in 1989 and the dictatorial commenced to analyze the potential and costs for the future up- government was overthrown the Defense funds became scares. In grade of the MiG-21 and MiG-29. These studies eventually result- 1990 the Air Force accepted the delivery of their newest aircraft in ed in a proposal for an upgrade program of the MiG-21 “LanceR” the inventory the MiG-29 “Fulcrum”. It was also around this time and the MiG-29 “Sniper”. that thirty-two Czech built L-39 “Albatros” trainer aircraft were purchased between December 1981 and March 1984 to operate A decision was made to modernize a substantial part of the together with the fifty-two L-29 “Delphin” within the Romanian MiG-21 fleet and tender was issued in 1992. The MiG-21 LanceR Air Force inventory received between October 1966 until late project was selected and as a result a total of 110 aircraft were 1974 in the training role. The arrival of the L-39 meant the defini- modified to MiG-21 LanceR standard. Since only 110 aircraft tive replacement of the MiG-15UTI and CS-102 trainers. were to be modified it meant a total restructuring of the Roma- nian Air Force, which used to operate large numbers of MiG-21 and a modest number of MiG-23, MiG-29 and IAR-93 aircraft. Upgrade the fighter force The new restructured Air Force would operate a significant re- duced inventory of aircraft. As a result the Regiment structure After the Ceausescu era and the disintegration of the Warsaw as commonly used in the Warsaw Pact structure was abandoned Pact, Romania was eager to join the European Union and become and changed into an Air Base structure hosting Air Groups and a member of NATO. The Romanian Air Force was facing a chal- Squadrons. The operational air bases were directly subordinated lenge to modernize its fleet of frontline fighter aircraft and reform to the Air Force and Anti-Aircraft Defense Staff which dictated into a NATO compatible organization. It was obvious that there the orders to the various bases. Each Airbase was equipped with was not enough budget available to replace the current fighter Fighter Aviation Groups or Grupuri. These Grupuri counted at force existing of MiG-21, MiG-23, MiG-29 and IAR-93. Though least two Squadrons or Escadrila. the MiG-29 aircraft were the most modern aircraft at that time, only twenty-one being delivered from 1989 onwards, the Ro- Although the Air Force had the disposal of the hypermodern manian Air Force had only a small number of these fighters in MiG-29 “Fulcrum” at that time, the first cracks in a shut Air De- its inventory. An estimated number of more than two-hundred fense task began to show. After the fall of the Iron Curtain and the MiG-21 Fishbed aircraft were available within the Romanian Air cease of the Warsaw Pact the Romanian Air Defense task primary Force in 1990. leaned on their meanwhile 20 year old MiG-21”Fishbed” fleet. Caption 14 Captions The development of the MiG-21 LanceR tense modernization process. The modernization program was originally referred to as the “DD program” meant as a tribute to The Israeli Elbit Systems company won the contract to integrate the Romanian poet and novelist Doru Davidovici who was also modern systems into these Cold War fighters, working together a MiG-21 pilot and killed in a crash with a MiG-21UM in April with aircraft manufacturer & maintenance company Aerostar 1989 later changed to LanceR. A total of 110 MiG-21 aircraft Bacău and the Romanian Air Force.