Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies: Annual PATRON Marilyn Porter Prof. Dr. Muhammad Qaiser Department of Sociology Vice Chancellor, University of Karachi Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada Karachi, Pakistan Misbah B. Qureshi EDITOR Institute of Gender Studies Nasreen Aslam Shah Sindh University Jamshoro, Pakistan ADVISORY BOARD Rafia Taj Prof. Dr. M. Nizamuddin Department of Mass Communication Chairman, Higher Education Commission, Punjab University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan Prof. Dr. Profulla C. Sarker Rita Afsar Pro-Vice Chancellor, Human Resources Division European University of Bangladesh Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BDIS), Dhaka Prof. Dr. Parveen Shah Rukhsana Hassan Vice Chancellor Fatima Jinnah Women University, Shah Latif University, Kharipur, Pakistan Rawalpindi, Pakistan Moonis Ahmer Tahera Aftab Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences Centre of Excellence for Women’s Studies University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan Naheed Abrar Yousuf Bin Boon Dean, Faculty of Arts Department of Post Graduate Studies Federal Urdu University, Karachi, Pakistan University Teknologi, Malaysia M. Abuzar Wajdi Ex. Dean, Management and Administrative Science Zeenat Sana Baloch University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan Department of Balochi University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan Sarah Safdar Dean, Faculty of Management and Social Sciences EDITORIAL TEAM Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan Shagufta Nasreen Asma Manzoor Anoosh Khan Aliyah Ali Department of Gender Studies M. Nadeemullah University of Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Seema Manzoor Dua e Rehma Aslam Shah Syed Faisal Hashmi Centre of Excellence for Women’s Studies Muhammad Faisal Zia University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan CIRCULATION MANAGER Badar Alam Iqbal Tabinda Shameem Jafri UGSM-Monarch Business School Monarch University, Switzerland FORMATED BY Muhammad Fareed Ahmed Kamala Liyanage Centre for the Study of Human Rights COVER DESIGN BY University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Faizan Yasir (Student, Women’s Studies) Kazuyo Yamane PUBLISHING, ADVERTISING & SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE Ritsumeikan University, Japan Centre of Excellence for Women’s Studies Kristi Poerwandari University of Karachi, Karachi-75270 Program Study Kajlan Waniter Tele/Fax # 92-21-99261654, 92-21-99261300-7 Ext.2441 Kampus Universities, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION Surface Mail Air mail International Institutions US$ 65.00 US$ 70.00 Individuals US$ 55.00 US$ 60.00 Domestic Institutions PK.RS. 500.00 Individuals PK.RS. 400.00 ______________________________________________________________________________________ Acknowledgement We are obliged for the financial assistance of Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan for publishing the 13th volume of Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies. Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies Editor Nasreen Aslam Shah Centre of Excellence for Women’s Studies University of Karachi Karachi – Pakistan Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies Volume-13 September, 2016 CONTENTS Aamir Hafeez & Syed Manzoor Gender Differences in Determinants of Medical Career 1 Hussain Shah Choice Abdul Rasheed, Riffat Arshed & Rural Women’s Workload: Implications for Socio- 23 Zeenat Sana Baloch Economic Development of Baluchistan Abida Perveen The Constitution of Pakistan (1973) and Women Rights: An 37 Interpretation Ambreen Fatima, Syed Faizan Impact of Micro-Credit on Women Empowerment: A Case 53 Iftikhar & Khurram Iftikhar Study of Rural Pakistan Ayesha Farooq & Khalil Ahmed Gender Differences in Modernization of Leisure: Changing 81 Trends in Sports and Recreation in Rural Punjab Azka Khan & Sarwet Rasul Representation of Muslim Women in E-Media Caricatures 101 Hussan Ara Magsi & Faraz SAARC Female Prime Ministers Policies for Women 131 Ahmed Wajidi Empowerment in their Region Lubna Karim Naz & Umar Insight Into the Lives of Female Nurses in Lahore: An in 147 Rafique Depth Analysis Lubna Zaheer & Amber Mubeen Role of Mass Media and Interpersonal Communication in 165 Promoting Awareness about Woman Rights in Pakistan Muhammad Athar Hussain, Imtiaz Attitude Towards Acceptability of the Girl Child in Families 177 Ahmad & Amber Qadar Belonging to Upper and Lower Socio-Economic Class Musarrat Jabeen, Saima Bibi & Exploring the Link between Women Economic Empowerment 191 Awais Ali Shah and Energy Conservation Nasreen Aslam Shah Women Working in Fisheries at Ibrahim Hydri, Rehri Goth 207 and Arkanabad Sadaf Mustafa, M. Sadiq Ali Khan Role of Women in Development of Pakistan: A Case Study 221 & Ammad Zafar of Women Participation in Labour Force in Pakistan Seema Manzoor, Dua-e-Rehma, Analyzing Level of Sexual Harassment and Exploitation of 235 Misbah B. Qureshi & Muhammad Female Domestic Workers Shahid Shagufta Jahangir & Asma Cross Border Marriages (CBM’s) between Pakistan to 253 Manzoor Developed Countries: A Socio-Economic Perspective Tania Haque Exploring Uncounted Contribution of Women in Bangladesh: 267 Barriers, Implications and Opportunities Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 1 Vol. 13, pp. 1-21, ISSN: 2072-0394 Gender Differences In Determinants Of Medical Career Choice Aamir Hafeez & Syed Manzoor Hussain Shah Department of Education Hazara University, Mansehra Abstract This study aimed to identify the determinants of medical career whether these determinants varied across gender. Drawing from extensive study of existing literature, twenty determinants of medical career were shortlisted. A 60-item purpose- specific reliable instrument, designed to assess the comparative influence of determinants, was administered on cross-gender sample of 550 respondents from four public and private medical colleges in Hazara Division of Pakistan. The sample was selected through systematic random sampling, giving gender representation due weight; 293 female students were selected against 253 males. The results showed significant gender-based differences across determinants. The female medical students were found to possess greater social motivation and stronger personality traits than their male counterparts who, with weak personality traits, suffered social and economic compulsions and were only motivated by pecuniary considerations. In the light of findings of the study, it is recommended that due caution be exercised in forming gender-related opinions and sanctifying age-old ‘established’ views. It is preferable that natural inclinations are nurtured to eventually pave way for a psychologically healthy society comprising individuals seeking success through inner fulfilment than through adjustment to unbending and arbitrary social dictates. Keywords : Gender, Career Choice, Determinants, Medicine, Social and Economic Motivation, Personality Traits. !"#$ !"#$% 23"456789: 01 &'()*+,-./ &>HIJKGLMGNGOPBQLRG ABCD8EFG @ ;/<=>? 01 cdefg `ab PTU89:3VWGXMYZV[\!]^8EL_&3V SS1 rsPdeIJfg h*iLjkl&mn89op>Lq `Sb GLtuvwxyGLz{|}DE~P•>Lq%}€•tuGLy P•LG%‘ +*•"G…xGLG>•GM• 9™GE…3>•GL| —x2F%E… / ’“ h|9”• 2 Gender Differences in Determinants of Medical Career Choice k&T*G•G% ¡<G¢£X“h)|E,-B¤G{G“ ¥^¦§)| ©ª^WGX«GLM¬•®%x¯tu“h>*B°±²%³´&Bµ¶L G¨ %yv}€•¼ Ltuv(v v: v» :·¸M¹ Introduction The question of gender continues to provide stimulating substance for research. Despite the worldwide deliberate effort to narrow gender differences through legislative and procedural provisions, the differences continue to somewhat spontaneously surface, thereby demonstrating the resilience of the hardened and long-accepted social and economic norms in a society. The history of gender discrimination is most avowedly interpreted as the history of transformation in the role of women in society. In Pakistan, this transformation in women’s role is most palpably observed in the nation’s medical colleges. Females make up the largest majority of students studying medicine. For many years, an official embargo kept male students’ quota in medical colleges at 80%, leaving 20% to women. With the scrapping of this condition by the Supreme Court, now an average of 80% to 85% students in Pakistan’s medical colleges are women (Zikriya, 2014). Men only outnumber women in the medical colleges located in deeply conservative regions of the country, like in some areas of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In Punjab and Sindh, however, women overwhelmingly dominate. This could largely be considered as a positive sign for women’s prospects in Pakistan. Alternatively, there is a noticeable lack of avenues for women to enter careers that are traditionally available to men alone (Ali et al., 2009) The confines of a patriarchal society impinge more upon its weaker section (William, 2000). The choices available to men for entering an economically stable and socially respectable vocation in Pakistan are visibly greater than females (Ali et al., 2009). Relatedly, the reasons put up for the larger number of female medical students in medical colleges range from thirst for social status and magnitude of studies involved to males’ distractions and attraction of other financially-rewarding occupations. Nevertheless, the consequences of women participation in labour force are irreversible and include the natural corresponding decline in the size of family, female sharing in the overall economic development, improved living standard of family and greater opportunities to harness children’s talent (Hyde, 2005). Studies in the field also point to the fact that this relative feminine economic independence also paves way to a steady development of democratic ideals and domestic environment that weakens