PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION SCHEMES: A CASE STUDY OF JARI AND ALOMA SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEMES, TEHULEDERE DISTRICT, ETHIOPIA M.Sc THESIS SOLOMON WONDATIR TAYE FEBRUARY, 2016 ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION SCHEMES: A CASE STUDY OF JARI AND ALOMA SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEMES, TEHULEDERE DISTRICT, ETHIOPIA SOLOMON WONDATIR TAYE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCE AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING, INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ARBA MINCH UNIVESITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING FEBRUARY, 2016 ARBA MINCH DECLARATIONS I, Solomon Wondatir, declare that this is my own original work and that it has not been presented and will not presented to any other University for similar or other degree award, and that all sources of materials used for the thesis have been duly acknowledged. Name: ________________________ Signature: _____________________ Date: _________________________ Page i Page ii DEDICATION This thesis manuscript is dedicated to my MOTHER, BAYUSH YIMER, for her love and sacrifice in the success of my life. Page iii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was born in January 16, 1984 in Woldia town. He attended his elementary education in Melka-Kole elementary school, and senior elementary school at Melesitegna senior elementary school, in Woldia. He followed his secondary education in Woldia high school. In 2003 he completed his high school education and joined Haramaya University and graduated with BSc degree in Soil and Water Engineering Management in July, 2006. The author was firstly employed as a Soil and Water Conservation expert and worked for 2 months, in North wollo zone, Wadila district. From Nov, 2006 to July, 2009; he was working as a Soil and Water Conservation expert, in North wollo, Habru District Agricultural and Rural Development Office. Since then, he has been working in Sirinka Agricultural Research Centre as an Agricultural Water Management researcher. In October 2013, he was joined to the School of Graduate studies of Arba Minch University for his M.Sc. study under Water Resource and Irrigation Engineering program /Irrigation and Drainage Engineering/. Page iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I must thank the Almighty God who helped me starting from the earlier to the end of this journey. It was amazing and marvelous year ‘2007E.C‘for me. Thanks my God!!! I would like to express my gratitude to my instructor and advisor Dr. Zeleke Agide for his guidance and assistance throughout the course of this work. I feel deeply indebted to express my special gratitude to my Co-advisor Dr. Yigzaw Desalegn for his heart-full and unreserved support, and day to day follow up and encouragement. His insightful comments for the betterment of the whole work were appreciable. Without his assistance this work would have been more difficult. I would also like to thanks Dr. Amare Haileslassie for his comments and material support during proposal preparation period. My particular gratitude goes to International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI); LIVES project for funding this research work and Sirinka Agricultural Research Center (SARC) for gave me a leave of absence for this study. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my mother ‘Bayush Yimer’; this fruit is the seed she sowed with long time effort. My gratitude goes to my brother Fentaw Ale and my sister Serke Zinabe for their moral support and encouragement. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my staffs Abera Getnet, Gebeyaw Molla, Amare Alemnew and our driver Habtemaria Assefa, for their heart-full support during filed survey works. Also to Zeleke Belay and Sisay Desalegn for their moral support and facilitating laboratory works. I would like to thanks Tizazu Yitayew, Hawa Fentaw (Jari kebele 13 Irrigation expert) and Mekonen Gebre (Kebele 08 irrigation Expert) for their support. I gratefully acknowledged my heartfelt friend Mesfin Kebede for his moral support and takeover of my personal tasks behalf of me. And also thanks my best friend Yonas Moges for his encouragements. I feel great pleasure to express my special gratitude to MY BELOVED girl friend Hable Mulugeta. I have no words to appreciate for her moral support, encouragement, strengthen and patience paying for our love and relationship during my tiresome course period. I always love her!!! Page v ACRONYMS a.s.l above sea level AE Agronomic Efficiency ARDO Agricultural and Rural Development Office BoWR Bureau of Water Resource Ec Conveyance Efficiency ETo Reference Evapo-transpiration FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FUE Fertilizer Utilization Efficiency GPS Global Positioning System GRI Gross Return on Investment Ha Hectare HH Household ILRI International Livestock Research Institute IR Irrigation ratio IWMI International Water Management Institute IWUAs Irrigation Water user associations L Losses LIVES Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders LSI Large Scale Irrigation Mha Million Hectare MoWR Ministry of Water Resources MSI Medium Scale Irrigation NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations O & M Operation and Maintenance OPUCA Output per Unit Command Area OPUIA Output per Unit Irrigated Cropped Area OPUID Output per Unit Irrigation Water Delivered OPUIS Output per Unit Irrigation Water Supply OPUWC Output per Unit Water Consumed ORDA Organization for Rehabilitation and Development in Amhara PFP Partial Factor of Productivity RIS Relative Irrigation Supply RWS Relative Water Supply SIA Sustainability of irrigated area SSI Small Scale Irrigation WUA Water User Association OM Organic Matter N Total Nitrogen P Available Phosphorous Page vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Declarations ............................................................................................................................................. I Approval page .................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. Dedication ............................................................................................................................................. III Biographical sketch ............................................................................................................................... IV Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ V Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................. VI List of tables ........................................................................................................................................... X List of figures ...................................................................................................................................... XII Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... XV CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ................................................................................................ 4 1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................................... 5 1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................ 5 1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.................................................................................................. 5 1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY .............................................................................................................. 6 1.7. ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS ............................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................. 7 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 7 2.1. SUMMARY OF IRRIGATION ...................................................................................................... 7 2.2. COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM ................................................................................... 8 2.2.1. Irrigation scheme ........................................................................................................ 8 2.2.2. On-farm management ................................................................................................. 9 2.2.2.1. Irrigation water management ............................................................................. 9 2.2.2.2. Fertilizer utilization .......................................................................................... 12 2.2.3. Organizations ........................................................................................................... 14 2.3. TYPES OF IRRIGATION SCHEMES ..........................................................................................