2011/10/11 ICHST in Budapest 2009.07.28 Microscopic Petrology Aspects of the role of • Polarizing microscope is the instrument of microscopes in the history of researching rocks, utilizing properties of petrology in Japan polarization of minerals. • Petrology advanced in accordance with good use of microscopes. Upper polarizing plate Thin section of rocks Tokyo Medical and Dental University Lower polarizing plate Michiko YAJIMA 1980s Short History of How to make and use polarizing microscopes My talk is neither history of making microscopes, ・The concept of polarization nor history of invention of microscopes ・Polarizing prism 1828 invented by William Nicol (1768?–1851), England made polarizing prism from thin section of fossilized wood and calcite 1851 Henry Clifton Sorby （1826‐1908） used in graduate thesis 1860 Ferdinand Zirkel (1838－1912 ), Bonn learned from Sorby 1873 Zirkel wrote a textbook 1881 Bunjiro KOTO learned from Zirkel （Reibzich） Toyokichi HARADA learned from Harry Rosenbusch （Heiderberg） 1873 Rosenbusch wrote a textbook 1932 Edwin Herbert Land discovered Polaroid (polarizing plate) 1940s Yasushi HOSHINO in Japan studied man-made polarizing plate but aspects of the role of microscopes ・Universal Stage 1890s E.von Fedorow (Russia) in the history of petrology in Japan 5 episodes 1. “We are scientists because we Japanese has microscopes” Late of the 19th Century, 1. “We are scientists because we 2. From import to home-made Japanese has microscopes” Late of the 19th Century to the beginning of 20th Century Late of the 19th Century, ３．Leader of petrology, Seitaro TSUBOI (1893 －1986) In the beginning of the 20th Century ４．Using microscopes for the research of Uranium Hisashi KUNO (1910-1969) During the World War II ５． “The time of microscopic petrography is over” Akiho MIYASHIRO (1920-2008) After the World War II 1 2011/10/11 Edmund Naumann (1854-1927) stayed in Japan First Westerner In1875-1885 B.S.Lyman(1835-19200) From America Naumann and his student Geological map 1887 Lyman and students(1877) Lyman brought only one transit Japanese first geologist Bunjiro KOTO (1856 －1935) In 1879 Graduated the University of Tokyo Signatures of Edmund Naumann, Curt Adolph Netto(1847-1909 ） Robert William Atkinson (1850-1929) Students had hammers in 1877 And W.S.Chopin Making maps In １８８１ Doctoral Degree for study of some Japanese rocks under Ferdinand Zirkel (1838-1912) Leipzig University Aneroid altimeter Zirkel (1838 －1912) Naumann’s Remembrances Surveying instrument (Altadimass?) The Japanese geologists claimed that they could become better than Naumann When Koto came back to Japan, Koto and Lyman because of their use of microscopes. wrote the textbook of geology in Japanese “Microscopes are more expensive than 20yen （50Mark ）” In 1887, KOTO wrote papers on Glaucophane and Piedmotite with microscopic petrography In １９１３ Japanese professors in the University of Tokyo N.YAMAZAKI,M.YOKOYAMA, B.KOTO, K.JINBO Professors of Geography, Palaeontology, Geology, Mineralogy Until the late of 1890s the Japanese Government was trying to change the one- sided and unequal commercial treaty with Western countries that had been concluded prior to Meiji Era, and one of the points that raised was the claim that Japanese geologists had a superior knowledge of Japanese geology, as compared with some Western scientists working in Japan. This is the first paper on microscopic petrography in Japan. 2 2011/10/11 2. From import to home-made Late of the 19th Century In 1884 KOTO introduced microscopes in Japanese textbook. “Microscopes are more expensive than 20 yen Best one is made by Dr. Hartnack in Potsdam Mr. Zeiss in Jena Mr. R. Fuess , 108, Alte Jakobstrasse, Berlin ( also thin sections) Mr. Voig ｔ, in Goettingen ( also thin sections)” KOTO offered his thin sections to Japanese researchers. In 1925 After World War I Shimadzu Factory started to make microscopes with help of Dr. Tadashi HIKI Microscopes 220 yen (ca $1,100) During the World War I, Japanese people could not import microscopes from Germany. After the war, the prices are soaring. Demonstration’s Microscope Made by Fuess First home-made-microscope HIKI, １９２５ ３． Leader of petrology, The Prices Seitaro TSUBOI (1893-1986) In the beginning of the 20th Century Microscopes 220 yen (ca $1,100) Thin sections of Japanese rocks 60 species 60 yen (ca$300.00) 25 species 25 yen 12 species 20 yen (ca$100.00) Photographs of thin sections 12 species 24 yen 3 2011/10/11 Seitaro TSUBOI (1893-1986) Tsuboi’s method (1923 ，1934 ） A dispersion method of determining the twinning laws of plagioclase Feldspar in cleavage-flakes in 1923 1922 IGC in Bergium Microscopic petrography in Japan developed gradually and made some significant contributions. For example, Koto’s student, Seitaro TSUBOI (1893-1986) devised a dispersion method of determining plagioclases in cleavage-flakes in 1923. This technique came to be known as the ‘Tsuboi method’ and was used all over the world. ４．Using microscopes for the investigating Uranium Hisashi KUNO (1910-1969) Hisashi KUNO (1910-1969), TSUBOI’s student, During the World War II carried out the most influential studies on the genesis of island arc volcanic rocks. Before and during World War II, Japanese geologists prospected for uranium based on the chemical analysis of various rocks. Hisashi KUNO , associate professor of the University of Tokyo, went as a soldier to the front of Northeast China, where there were no good geological linstruments other than microscopes. He found small differences in the refractive indices of the quartz in different granites. Even Japanese people intended to So the Japanese petrologists and soldiers Collect uranium and make atomic bomb had to measure the refractive indices of the minerals in various granites using only microscopes. “This is not the time of microscopic petrology” ５． Physico –chemical experiment, Akiho MIYASHIRO (1920-2008) Akiho MIYASHIRO (1920-2008) After the war After the War, one of TSUBOI’s students, Akiho MIYASHIRO (1920-2008), advanced a physico-chemical theory of the metamorphic rocks of Japan on the basis of microscopic petrography , and discussed the origin of the Japanese island arc. 4.