USAIDUSAID MEKONG MEKONG ARCC ARCC CL CLIMATEIMATE CHANGE CHANGE IMPACT IMPACT AND AND ADAPTATION ADAPTATION STUDYSTUDY FOR FOR THE THE LOWER LOWER MEKONG MEKONG BASIN BASIN Citation:Citation: ICEMUSAID.ICEM. 2014. 2014.2014. USAID. USAID Mekong Mekong ARCC ARCC Climate Climate Change Change Impact Impact and and Adaptation Adaptation Study Study forfor the the Lower Lower Mekong Mekong Basin Basin on on Non Non-Timber-Timber Forest Forest Products Products and and Crop Crop Wild Wild RelativesRelatives. Prepared. Prepared for for the the United United States States Agency Agency for for International International Development Development by by ICEMICEM – –International International Centre Centre for for Environmental Environmental Management. Management. Bangkok: Bangkok: USAID USAID MekongMekong ARCC ARCC Project. Project. Available Available online online at at www.mekongarcc.net/resource www.mekongarcc.net/resource. StudyStudy team: team: JeremyJeremy Carew Carew-Reid-Reid (Team (Team Leader), Leader), Tarek Tarek Ketelsen Ketelsen (Modeling (Modeling Theme Theme Leader), Leader), JormaJorma Koponen, Koponen, Mai Mai Ky Ky Vinh, Vinh, Simon Simon Tilleard, Tilleard, Toan Toan To To Quang, Quang, Olivier Olivier Joffre Joffre (Agriculture(Agriculture Theme Theme Leader), Leader), Dang Dang Kieu Kieu Nhan, Nhan, Bun Bun Chantrea, Chantrea, Rick Rick Gregory Gregory (Fisheries(Fisheries Theme Theme Leader), Leader), Meng Meng Monyrak, Monyrak, Narong Narong Veeravaitaya, Veeravaitaya, Truong Truong Hoanh Hoanh Minh,Minh, Peter Peter-John-John Meynell Meynell (Natural (Natural Systems Systems Theme Theme Leader), Leader), Sansanee Sansanee Choowaew, Choowaew, NguyenNguyen Huu Huu Thien, Thien, Thomas Thomas Weaver Weaver (Livestock (Livestock Theme Theme Leader), Leader), John John Saw Sawdondon (Socio(Socio-economics-economics Theme Theme Leader),Try Leader),Try Thuon, Thuon, Sengmanichanh Sengmanichanh Somchanmavong, Somchanmavong, andand Paul Paul Wyrwoll Wyrwoll TheThe USAID USAID Mekong Mekong ARCC ARCC project project is is a afive five-year-year program program (2011 (2011–2016)–2016) funded funded by by the the USAID USAID Regional Regional DevelopmentDevelopment Mission Mission for for Asia Asia (RDMA) (RDMA) in in Bangkok. Bangkok. The The larger larger project project fo focusescuses on on identifying identifying the the environmental,environmental, economic, economic, and and social social effects effects of of climate climate change change in in the the Lower Lower Mekong Mekong Basin Basin (LMB), (LMB), and and on on assistingassisting highly highly exposed exposed and and vulnerable vulnerable rural rural populations populations in in ecologically ecologically sensitive sensitive areas areas adapt adapt to to climate climate changechange impacts impacts on on agri agricultural,cultural, fisheries, fisheries, livestock, livestock, ecosystems, ecosystems, and and livelihood livelihood options. options. ThisThis phase phase of of the the project project was was led led and and implemented implemented by by ICEM, ICEM, and and focuses focuses specifically specifically on on predicting predicting the the responseresponse of of the the key key livelihood livelihood sectors sectors——agriculture,agriculture, livestock, livestock, fisheries, fisheries, rural rural infra infrastructurestructure and and health, health, andand natural natural systems systems——toto the the impacts impacts associated associated with with climate climate change, change, and and offering offering broad broad-ranging-ranging adaptationadaptation strategies strategies to to the the predicted predicted responses. responses. ThisThis volume volume is is part part of of the the USAID USAID Mekong Mekong ARCC ARCC study study set set of of reports: reports: 1.1. USAIDUSAID Mekong Mekong ARCC ARCC Climate Climate Change Change Impact Impact and and Adaptation Adaptation Study Study for for the the Lower Lower Mekong Mekong Basin: Basin: SummarySummary 2.2. USAIDUSAID Mekong Mekong ARCC ARCC Climate Climate Change Change Impact Impact and and Adaptation Adaptation Study Study for for the the Lower Lower Mekong Mekong Basin: Basin: MainMain Report Report 3.3. USAIDUSAID Mekong Mekong ARCC ARCC Climate Climate Change Change Impact Impact and and Adaptation Adaptation Study Study for for the the Lower Lower M Mekongekong Basin Basin onon Agriculture Agriculture 4.4. USAIDUSAID Mekong Mekong ARCC ARCC Climate Climate Change Change Impact Impact and and Adaptation Adaptation Study Study for for the the Lower Lower Mekong Mekong Basin Basin onon Livestock Livestock 5.5. USAIDUSAID Mekong Mekong ARCC ARCC Climate Climate Change Change Impact Impact and and Adaptation Adaptation Study Study for for the the Lower Lower Mekong Mekong Basin Basin onon Fisheries Fisheries 6.6. USAIDUSAID Mekong Mekong ARCC ARCC Climate Climate Change Change Impact Impact and and Adaptation Adaptation Study Study fo for rthe the Lower Lower Mekong Mekong Basin Basin onon Non Non-Timber-Timber Forest Forest Products Products and and Crop Crop Wild Wild Relatives Relatives 7.7. USAIDUSAID Mekong Mekong ARCC ARCC Climate Climate Change Change Impact Impact and and Adaptation Adaptation Study Study for for the the Lower Lower Mekong Mekong Basin Basin onon Protected Protected Areas Areas 8.8. USAIDUSAID Mekong Mekong ARCC ARCC Climate Climate Chang Change eImpact Impact and and Adaptation Adaptation St Studyudy for for the the Lower Lower Mekong Mekong Basin Basin onon Socio Socio-E-conomicEconomic Assessment Assessment ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The study team wishes to give a special thanks to Brad Phillips, USAID/RDMA’s former Climate Change Adaptation Advisor, for his vision in recognizing the need for this study and for providing excellent technical guidance and suggestions throughout. Additionally, the support of Saengroaj Srisawaskraisorn, USAID Climate Change Adaptation Specialist, has been critical to finalization of this report. The team also specially recognizes the strong support of the USAID Mekong ARCC team who provided regular technical inputs as well as continuing management and communications support: Paul Hartman (Chief of Party), Christy Owen (former Deputy Chief of Party), Sumalee Santadkornkarn (Senior Administrator), Saowalak Jingjungvisut (Communications Specialist), and Shelley Gustafson (Scientific Editor). Two regional workshops were undertaken as part of the study and the team would like to thank the close to 200 participants for extensive contributions. They included technical representatives from the four LMB governments and many national and international organizations and individuals working in the fields of climate change, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, natural systems, and socio-economics. Special thanks to the Mekong River Commission (MRC) Secretariat for a number of technical round table discussions and consultations and provision of important data and advice, especially staff of the Environment Program and Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. And finally, the team extends its thanks to the formal technical reviewers who attended team working sessions or provided detailed reviews of the draft Main Report and individual theme reports including: Rod LeFroy (International Centre for Tropical Agriculture – CIAT), Caitlin Corner-Dolloff (CIAT – Vietnam), Colin Khoury (CIAT), Steve Staal (International Livestock Research Institute – ILRI), Fred Unger (ILRI), Okeyo Mwai (ILRI), Jo Cadilhon (ILRI), Derek Bacher (ILRI), Delia Grace (ILRI), Joachim Otte (Food and Agriculture Organization Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific), Robert Mather (International Union for the Conservation of Nature – IUCN), Benjamin Samson (International Rice Research Institute – IRRI), Reiner Wassmann (IRRI), Kasina Limsamarnphun (Oxfam), Simon Funge-Smith (Food and Agriculture Organization – FAO), Caspar Ammann (National Centre for Atmospheric Research – NCAR), Apanie Wood (ICEM), and Beau Damen (FAO). ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CAM Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Methodology CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CC Climate Change CWRs Crop Wild Relatives FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GDP Gross Domestic Products ha Hectare ICEM International Centre for Environmental Management ILRI International Livestock Research Institute IRRI International Rice Research Institute IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature Kg Kilogram km Kilometer Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic LMB Lower Mekong Basin LUSET Land Use Suitability Evaluation Tool Mekong ARCC USAID Mekong Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change Project mm Millimeter m asl Meters Above Sea Level MRC Mekong River Commission NAFRI National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Lao PDR NTFPs Non-Timber Forest Products NUoL National University of Laos SNV SNV Netherlands Development Organization sq km / km2 Square Kilometer THB Thai Baht USAID United States Agency for International Development VA Vulnerability Assessment WFP United Nations World Food Programme TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 SECTION 1 – METHOD 2 1 METHOD 3 1.1 CHOICE OF SPECIES 3 1.1.1 NTFPs 3 1.1.2 Crop Wild Relatives 4 1.2 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT METHOD 5 SECTION 2 – NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS 8 2 NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS 9 2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE DIVERSITY OF NTFPS 9 2.2 ECOLOGICAL PREFERENCES AND TOLERANCES 14 2.3 LINKAGES WITH OTHER FARMING SYSTEMS 17 3 SPECIES ASSESSMENTS 19 3.1 MUSHROOMS 19 3.1.1 Vulnerability Assessment for Russula Virescens Wild