The Application of QuickBird and Multi-tem poral Landsat TM Data for Coral Reef Habitat Mapping Case Study: Derawan Island, East Kalim antan, Indonesia Marlina Nurlidiasari March, 2004 The Application of QuickBird and Multi-temporal Landsat TM data for coral reef habitat mapping Case Study: Derawan Island, East Kalimantan, Indonesia by Marlina Nurlidiasari Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation specialisation Coastal Zone Studies. Degree Assessment Board Prof. Dr. S. de Jong (External Examiner) Prof. Dr. F.D. van der Meer (Chairman) ESA Department, ITC Dr. T.W. Hobma (Supervisor) WRES Department, ITC Drs. M.C.J. Damen (Supervisor) ESA Department, ITC Dr. P.M. van Dijk (Member) ESA Department, ITC Drs. E. Westinga (Member), NRM Department, ITC NTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS Disclaimer This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute. The application of QuickBird and multi-temporal Landsat TM data for coral reef habitat mapping. Case study: Derawan Island, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Abstract .oral reefs are one of our earth‘s fundamental resources. Due to their rich habitat and large diversity of marine species and ecological complexity, they are frequently compared to tropical rainforest. They are distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical coastal waters, mostly in developing countries. However, the health of the world‘s coral reefs is in serious decline. Thus, information on the health of coral reefs status is crucial for their conservation and sustainable utilization. Coral reefs in Derawan Islands are astonishingly rich in marine diversity. However, these reefs are threatened by humans. Destructive fishing methods, such as trawl, blasting and cyanide fishing practise, are found to be the main cause of this degradation. The coral reefs habitat reduction is also caused by tourism activities due to trampling over the reef and charging organic and anorganic waste. Remote sensing offers an effective approach to compliment the limitation of field sampling, in particular the monitoring of the reefs in remote sites. Moreover, using achieved remotely sensed data; it is even possible to monitor the historic status of the coral reef environment. The capabilities of satellite remote sensing techniques combined with field data collection have been assessed for generating coral reef habitat mapping and change detection of Derawan Island. Multi- temporal Landsat TM & ETM images (1991 & 2002) and a very high spatial resolution multi-spectral QuickBird image (October 2003) have been used. The capability of QuickBird image to generate a coral reef habitat map with water column correction by applying the Lyzenga method, and also without water column correction by the applying maximum likelihood method, have been assessed. The classification accuracy of the coral reef habitat map increased after compensation of the water column effects. The classification of QuickBird image for coral reef habitat mapping increased 22% by applying a water column correction. The classification of the coral reef habitat with multi-spectral QuickBird image data using in situ spectral reflectance has been tested. Wet bottom reflectance has been generated from the QuickBird image using the modified of Bierwirth method. Jupp method of depth or penetration zones has been applied to obtain the depth as the input parameter for the modified Bierwirth method. The result showed that the wet bottom reflectance values were over estimated; therefore it was not possible to link them to in situ spectral reflectance. It is concluded that the modified Bierwirth method is very sensitive to the depth input parameters and that therefore the crude bathymetric map derived from Jupp‘s depth of penetration zones method could not be used as input for the modified Bierwirth method. The classification using in situ spectral reflectance was tested to classify the full atmospheric correction of QuickBird image. In the classified image it was possible to differentiate sand, coral and algae. The produced habitat map has an accuracy of 84%. Multi-temporal Landsat images of 1991 and 2002 have been used to assess the habitat shifting in Derawan Island. Comparison of the classified images of 1991 and 2002 shows spatial changes of the habitat. The changes were in accordance with the known changes in the reef conditions. The analysis shows a decrease of the coral reef and patchy seagrass percentage and on other hand the increasing of i The application of QuickBird and multi-temporal Landsat TM data for coral reef habitat mapping. Case study: Derawan Island, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. algae composite and patchy reef percentage. The result of the study is a good example on how time series analysis of remotely sensed data can be a tool to monitor the historic status of the coral reef environment. $ey words: Coral reefs, classification, habitat changing, Derawan Island, QuickBird, Landsat. ii The application of QuickBird and multi-temporal Landsat TM data for coral reef habitat mapping. Case study: Derawan Island, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Acknowledgm ents I would like to thank the government of the Netherlands through the STUNED fellowship programme, Netherlands Education Centre, Jakarta, for the full financial support of my study in the Netherlands. Also thanks to Dr. Stefano Fazi, Dr. Jan Steffen and Prof. Dr. Stephen Hill who had given me recommendations for pursuing the scholarship. I would like to express my gratitude to Drs. Michel Damen his guidance, reviews, effective research schedule and also his encouragement along the way. His critical comments had directed my research to be more focused. I would like to express my great appreciation to Dr. Ir. Tjeerd Hobma for giving me the opportunities to pursue my research interest in his project, for his guidance during the fieldwork preparation, and also for the great efforts he made during the fieldwork. My thanks go to Drs. Eduard Westinga from the Division of Natural Resources Management for his comments and suggestions regarding coral reefs issue. My sincerely thanks for Drs. Boudewijn van Leeuwen from the ITC Remote Sensing Lab., for assisting me with the image acquisition, and the many questions I had with regard to atmospheric correction. Thanks to Drs. Harald van der Werff for his valuable comments regarding spectral reflectance. My appreciation to Drs. Sam Purkis for his valuable inputs regarding the application of modified Bierwirth method. Also thanks to all the staff of the ESA Department for their support and help. In particular Drs.Nanette Kingma, Drs. Robert.P.G.A. Voskuil, Dr. David. Rossiter and Dr. Paul van Dijk. I also want to express my acknowledgements to the partner groups of the project, East Kalimantan Programme 2003, and the people I met during the fieldwork. Special thanks to Dr. Bert Hoeksema for his great coordination during the fieldwork and also his generosity to lend some research equipments. Thanks for Prof. Dr. Rolf P.M. Bak, Ibu Yosephine and Pak Suharsono and Dr. Emre Turak for interesting discussions in the field. Thanks to the dive guides of Derawan Dive Resort for their assistance during the data collection. Thanks to the people in The Nature Conservancy, Pak Budi, Irfan and Handoko for sharing their information. Many thanks also to my friends and colleagues from the Indonesian Coral Reefs Foundation. For Mbak Via, Kiki, Cepo and Nugi who had been very helpful in the providing of research equipments. Also special thanks for Tony, for his incredible assistance during the field work preparation. Thanks also for Drs. Sybrand van Beijma and Drs. Arjan Reesink for their great assistance in the field, particularly for spectral data collections. iii The application of QuickBird and multi-temporal Landsat TM data for coral reef habitat mapping. Case study: Derawan Island, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. My special thanks to my fieldwork buddy, Ana Fonseca for her cooperative and very fruitful discussions during the fieldwork and data analyses. My large gratitude also goes to friends in ITC, Maria, Brando, Nicky, Maria Fe, Umut and also my compatriot friends, ITC Indonesia (2001,2002 and 2003). In particular Dessi, Mas Syarif, Mbak Ida, Budi, Ismail, Mbak Retno,Mas Hartanto, Mas Bobby, Mbak Yanti, Anggoro, Nia and Indra. Thank you for the warm and friendly atmosphere during the entire study. Last but not least, I would like to express my heart-felt thanks for cintaku Emmanuel Duguey and my beloved family. Thank you for all the encouragements, supports and that you prayed for me. You are important persons in my life. iv The application of QuickBird and multi-temporal Landsat TM data for coral reef habitat mapping. Case study: Derawan Island, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Table of Contents ABSTRACT ACKNOW LEDGMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS & LIST OF FIGURES & ' ( )*+ ( ' 1.1. PROBLEM DEFINITION AND JUSTIFICATION ................................................................................ 2 1.2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................... 3