A Hydrogen Hybrid Powertrain for the Union- Pearson Railway by Mehran Haji Akhoundzadeh A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Chemical Engineering Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2019 ©Mehran Haji Akhoundzadeh 2019 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Canadian legislation attempts to regulate particle emissions released from the rail transportation sector. Assessment of the impact of rolling stock is the key to perform such regulations. Different strategies have been proposed to evaluate the health risks of mobile emission sources. Popular methods in measuring health assessment of rolling stock were reviewed in this study. Hydrail was proposed as an alternative option helping Canadian legislation to regulate emission generated from this mode of transportation. The feasibility of developing Hydrail technology is investigated in this study. As a case study, the drive cycle of the DMUs working on the Air-Rail link’s tracks of Great Toronto Area (GTA) was extracted. A theoretical model was implemented to estimate the duty cycle of the train as it was not possible to access the DMU’s throttle data. According to the duty cycle estimator subsystem, the annual emission released from the track is calculated. To assess the health risk on people, 32 places which are located near the track were collected, and the locations were extracted using Google Earth. These places include hospitals, schools, and social community centers. The concentration of three types of pollutants was locally approximated in the 32 places, using Gaussian air dispersion modeling method. To implement the model, commercial software, AERMOD, was used. To contemplate the health effect of the trains, the estimated pollution concentrations were compared with the air quality standards. The Hydrail was introduced as an alternative technology to reduce the health impact of the rail sector. The benefits and drawbacks of the technology were introduced in detail. Finally, a hydrogen powertrain is designed in this study with respect to the estimated duty demand. This should be considered as the first subsystem of an end-to-end Hydrail design platform for this 25 Km long rail route. A frequency-based power management scenario was applied to the developed powertrain to control the power flow between energy sources. A sensitivity analysis was performed to approximate the system dynamics. The proposed power management scenario will be capable to optimally keep the system working in its optimal working region whenever it will become integrated with a real-time high-level global optimization subsystem. iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest levels of sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Professor Michael Fowler, and Professor Kaamran Raahemifar. Professor Michael Fowler’s motivations had directed me through the knowledge process when I was a newcomer to Canada. The ability to direct my research in the way that I believe it has an impact was fundamentally promoted by Professor Fowler. Professor Raahemifar has great patience and a clear mind, and he has shown me what I could achieve since the last five years. I want to thank him for his patience and supports. Besides my advisors, my special thanks to Professor Ting Tsui and Roydon Fraser for helping me during my master, more specifically when professor Fowler was in recovery. Also, I would like to convey my strong feelings of appreciation for my whole academic life supportive supervisor, Dr. Madjid Soltani, who has been directing me during my studies. In addition to my beloved supervisors, I had the chance to be supported with three more reference points, professor Saeid Amanpour, professor Mohammad Mahjoob Jahromi, and Dr. Alireza Shiri and I would like to express my strong feelings of appreciation to have their encouragement. I would also like to thank my best friend, the lead of the research group, Dr. Ehsan Samadani, who has advised me in finding the path in my research. Working with Ehsan was my opportunity to understand the mean of patience and cooperation. I would also like to convey my special thanks to my kindest supportive friend, Dr. Satyam Panchal. He is one of the nicest people I have ever seen in my life. Dr. Kamyar Rouindej was the man who spent lots of time motivating me in different typical and unusual ways. I want to thank him for his incredible supports. Moreover, I offer my deepest thanks to Dr. Hadi Adibi for all his assistance and constructive feedbacks. Last but not least, I would like to thank the key driver for my life’s success, my family. I am very lucky to have such a great family who raised me with a love of science and supported me in all my pursuits and my life in general. Without my father and mother’s constant moral support, it would not have been possible to finish my master degree. My brother, Mohsen, and my sister, Sarah, has turned out to be my best friends, and their understanding and encouragement have been present throughout my education. iv Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1: Introduction, Research Objectives, and Outline ........................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Motivation and Research Objectives..................................................................................... 1 1.3 Thesis Outline ....................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2: Literature Review and Background ............................................................................................. 4 2.1 Recent Air pollution .............................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Evolution of Intraurban Air Dispersion Modeling ................................................................ 4 2.2.1 Proximity Models ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 Interpolation Models ................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.3 Land Use Regression Models ....................................................................................................... 7 2.2.4 Dispersion Models ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.5 Integrated Meteorological-Emission Models............................................................................... 8 2.3 The Impact of Light Rail Transit on Emission Generation ................................................... 9 2.3.1 Renewable Line-Haul Locomotives .............................................................................................. 9 2.3.2 Hydrogen Hybrid Locomotives ................................................................................................... 10 2.3.3 Hydrogen rolling stocks history.................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 3: Air Pollution Modeling and Health Assessment ....................................................................... 17 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 17 3.2 Energy Demand ................................................................................................................... 20 3.2.1 Benchmarking ............................................................................................................................ 20 3.2.2 Drive Cycle .................................................................................................................................. 20 3.2.3 Duty Cycle .................................................................................................................................. 22 3.2.4 Validation ................................................................................................................................... 29 3.2.5 Emission Calculation .................................................................................................................. 30 3.3 Typical Toxics Air Contaminants as Diesel Particulate Matters ........................................ 30 3.4 Toxics Air Contaminants Emission Quantification ............................................................ 31 3.5 Gaussian Air Dispersion Modeling ..................................................................................... 34 3.5.1 Metrological Data Input ............................................................................................................. 38 v 3.5.2 Results and discussion ..............................................................................................................