Jean Axelrad Cahan Axelrad Jean IN THE MIDDLE SECURITY WATER outh–South Trade and Finance in the Twenty-First Century is a historical, theoretical and empirical examination of the rise of WATER SECURITY IN THE S South–South economic relations and an attempt to place current South–South relations within their historical trajectory, reviewing how they differ from previous efforts such as new-regionalism. Through rigorous MIDDLE EAST empirical analysis, the book uncovers the developmental implications of South–South trade and finance. The volume engages with burgeoning new- developmentalism to discuss how South–South economic integration and Essays in Scientific and the rise of the South as an economic power and as an actor in multinational institutions both benefits and harms the developmental opportunities for poor and middle-income South countries. South–South Trade and Finance Social Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century is a timely contribution to the international trade and economic development literature. Omar S. Dahi is associate professor of economics at Hampshire College. E Specializing in economic development and international trade, Dahi A has published in various academic journals, including the Journal of S T Development Economics, Applied Economics and Southern Economic Journal. He also serves on the editorial committee of the Middle East Report and is coeditor of the Syria page at Jadaliyya. Firat Demir is associate professor of economics at the University of Oklahoma. Specializing in international finance and economic development, Demir has published in various journals including Applied Economics, Development and Change, Journal of Development Economics, Journal of Development Studies, Review of Development Economics, Review of Radical Political Economics, Southern Economic Journal and World Development. He also serves on the editorial board of Review of Radical Political Economics. The Anthem Frontiers of Global Political Economy series seeks to trigger and attract new thinking in global political economy, with particular reference to the prospects of emerging markets and developing countries. Written by renowned scholars from different parts of the world, books in this series provide historical, analytical and empirical perspectives on national economic strategies and processes, the implications of global and regional economic integration, the changing nature of the development project, and the diverse global Newto local forces that drive change. Scholars featured in the series extend earlier economic insights to provide fresh interpretations that allow new understandings of contemporary economic processes. Cover image: Shutterstock Inc. www.anthempress.com Jean Axelrad Cahan i Water Security in the Middle East ii ANTHEM WATER DIPLOMACY SERIES More eff ective resolution of our increasingly complex, boundary- crossing water problems demands integration of scientifi c knowledge of water in both natural and human systems along with the politics of real- world problem solving. Water professionals struggle to translate ideas that emerge from science and technology into the messy context of the real world. We need to fi nd more eff ective ways to bridge the divide between theory and practice and resolve complex water management problems when natural, societal and political elements cross multiple sectors and interact in unpredictable ways. The Anthem Water Diplomacy Series is a step in that direction. Contributions in this series diagnose water governance and management problems, identify intervention points and possible policy changes, and propose sustainable solutions that are sensitive to diverse viewpoints as well as confl icting values, ambiguities and uncertainties. Series Editor Shafi qul Islam – Tufts University, USA Editorial Board Yaneer Bar -Yam – New England Complex Systems Institute, USA Qingyun Duan – Beijing Normal University, China Peter Gleick – Pacifi c Institute, USA Jerson Kelman – Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Greg Koch – Global Water Stewardship, The Coca Cola Company, USA Dennis Lettenmaier – University of Washington, USA Patricia Mulroy – Southern Nevada Water Authority, USA Ainun Nishat – BRAC University, Bangladesh Stuart Orr – WWF International, Switzerland Salman Salman – Fellow, International Water Resources Association (IWRA), France Poh -Ling Tan – Griffi th Law School, Australia Vaughan Turekian – American Association for the Advancement of Science, USA Anthony Turton – University of Free State, South Africa Sergei Vinogradov – University of Dundee, UK Patricia Wouters – University of Dundee, UK iii Water Security in the Middle East Essays in Scientifi c and Social Cooperation Edited by Jean Axelrad Cahan iv Anthem Press An imprint of Wimbledon Publishing Company www.anthempress.com This edition fi rst published in UK and USA 2017 by ANTHEM PRESS 75– 76 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8HA, UK or PO Box 9779, London SW19 7ZG, UK and 244 Madison Ave #116, New York, NY 10016, USA © 2017 Jean Axelrad Cahan editorial matter and selection; individual chapters © individual contributors The moral right of the authors has been asserted. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested. ISBN- 13: 978- 1- 78308- 566- 8 (Hbk) ISBN- 10: 1- 78308- 566- 5 (Hbk) This title is also available as an e- book. v CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments ix Foreword Roberto L. Lenton xi Introduction Water Security in the Middle East: A Role for the Social Sciences and Humanities 1 Jean Axelrad Cahan Chapter 1. Cooperation Rules: Insights on Water and Confl ict from International Relations 19 Patrice C. McMahon Chapter 2. Water Security in Transboundary Systems: Cooperation in Intractable Confl icts and the Nile System 3 9 Jenny R. Kehl Chapter 3. Water- Demand Management in the Arab Gulf States: Implications for Political Stability 6 7 Hussein A. Amery Chapter 4. A Watershed- Based Approach to Mitigating Transboundary Wastewater Confl icts between Israel and the Palestinian Authority: The Besor- Hebron- Be’er Sheva Watershed 93 Clive Lipchin and Tamee Albrecht Chapter 5. The Evolution of Israeli Water Management: The Elusive Search for Environmental Security 125 Alon Tal vi vi WATER SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST Chapter 6. Adapting to Climatic Variability along International River Basins in the Middle East 145 Neda A. Zawahri Chapter 7. Water and Politics in the Tigris– Euphrates Basin: Hope for Negative Learning? 167 David P. Forsythe Chapter 8. The Political and Cultural Dimensions of Water Diplomacy in the Middle East 185 Lawrence E. Susskind Notes on Contributors 207 Index 211 vii ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 2.1 International river basins, country cases in eight hydropolitical complexes 50 4.1 Untreated sewage fl owing in the stream at Umm Batin, a Bedouin village northeast of Be’er Sheva 99 4.2 Besor–Hebron–Be’er Sheva watershed in Israel and the PA 100 4.3 Model of analysis framework for transboundary stream restoration 101 4.4 Schematic of integrated watershed management process 103 4.5 The complexity of governance within the watershed 107 4.6 Municipalities color coded by demographic 108 4.7 The Be’er Sheva River Parkway as it is today with untreated sewage fl owing in the stream 120 5.1 Geographic asymmetry: Israel’s evaporation and precipitation levels 127 5.2 Israel’s desalination production centers 135 Tables 2.1 The eff ects of specifi c types of leverage on cooperation versus confl ict in hydropolitical complexes 56 3.1 Total population size and total fertility in select countries 72 3.2 Advantages, disadvantages and possible risks of wastewater reuse 74 viii viii WATER SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST 3.3 Cost of desalinated water over time (in US dollars per cubic meter) 76 3.4 Water tariff s in the GCC countries 78 3.5 Costs of low energy and water prices in the GCC countries 80 4.1 GIS database datasets and sources 105 4.2 Results of water quality from grab samples collected in June and December 2013 116 4.3 Participant affi liations from the June 26, 2014, stakeholder meeting in Beit Jala 119 8.1 The Water Diplomacy Framework (WDF) and the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) 193 ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Ruth Kroon Fund, under the auspices of the Norman and Bernice Harris Center for Judaic Studies, and the Robert B. Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute at the University of Nebraska provided generous support for the symposium associated with this volume. Dr. Adam R. Thompson, assistant director of the Kutak Center for Applied Ethics at University of Nebraska, contributed valuable research assistance. x xi FOREWORD The importance of water and food security in the Middle East, the most water- short region in the world and one where food supplies are often impacted by drought, cannot be overstated. A signifi cant proportion of the population of this region is both food insecure and water insecure— without access to enough safe and nutritious food nor an acceptable quantity and quality of water to lead healthy and active lives—