Order Number 9013246 The Ottoman Black Sea frontier and the relations of the Porte with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Muscovy, 1 6 2 2 -1 6 2 8 Ostapchuk, Victor, Ph.D. Harvard University, 1989 Copyright ©1990 by Ostapchuk, Victor. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. HARVARD UNIVERSITY THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND'' SCIENCES THESIS ACCEPTANCE CERTIFICATE (To be placed in Original Copy) The undersigned, appointed by the Division Department \ Committee on Inner Asian and Altaic Studies have examined a thesis entitled The Ottoman Black Sea Frontier and the Relations of the Porte with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Muscovy, 1622-1628 presented by V ictor Ostapchuk candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and hereby certify that it is worthy of acceptance. Signature ... Typed name ..P.fflel,i an Pritsak!' Signature .................. Typed name . Edward.J,,....Keegan. Signature ... Typed name Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Ottoman Black Sea Frontier and the Relations of the Porte with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Muscovy, 1622-1628 A thesis presented Victor Ostapchuk to The Committee on Inner Asian and Altaic Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Inner Asian and Aludc Studies Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts October, 1989 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the impact of the Zaporozhian and Don Cossacks, particularly then- naval raids on the Biack Sea, on the relations between the Ottoman Empire, the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Muscovy between the War of Xotyn’ and the fall of Khan Mehmed Gerey and Kalga §ahin Gerey. In 1622, the Porte and the Commonwealth attempted to settle their differences that had led to the Xotyn’ War, which proved impossible because neither side could control their border populations, that is, the Tatars and the Cossacks. Moreover, in 1623, die Bucak Tatar horde under Kantemir emerged from the war stronger than ever and as a heightened threat to the Commonwealth no less the Crimean Khanate. Meanwhile, by 1624, the Zaporozhian Cossacks, often in cooperation with the Don Cossacks, resumed raiding the Black Sea with an intensity at least as great as prior to the war. In 1624, the new rulers of the Crimea, Mehmed and §ahin Gerey, defeated an Ottoman force sent to unseat them by obtaining the support of the Zaporozhian Cossacks. After this incident, a mutual non-aggression and mutual defense agreement was reached between §ahin Gerey and the Zaporozhian leadership. This was a near alliance although it was only the Cossacks who aided their ally militarily, mosdy on a mercenary basis. In 1625, Cossack naval raiding activity on the Black Sea reached its all- time height and there were even instances in which the Cossacks coordinated their raids with Crimean interests. After a Polish suppression of the Ukrainian Cossacks in 1625- 1626, the Ottomans decided to take advantage of the consequent reduction in Cossack raids to strengthen their defenses of the Black Sea by constructing two new fortresses on the lower Dnieper. However, because of the difficulty to supply sufficient men and materiel for such a task, they had to forego this project. Instead, they set about reorganizing the finances of the lower Danubian basin in order to transfer tax revenues from it to the fortresses guarding the northern frontier. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. For my father Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables iiii Preface iv Note on Transcription and Place-Names vi Map viii INTRODUCTION 2 PART I. TEE RELATIONS OF THE PORTE AND THE NORTHERN COUNTRIES, 1622-1628 I. The Aftermath of the War of Xotyn’, 1622-23 23 II. The Cossacks and Rise of Mehmed and §ahin Gerey, 1623-1624 49 The Crimean Khanate and the Bucak Horde ’ The Ottoman Campaign to the Crimea oj 1624 HI. Crisis in the Black Sea, 1625-1626 92 The Sultan Yahya Affair, 1625-1626 §ahin Gerey’s Expedition to the Bucak, 1625 §ahin Gerey and the International Relations of the Crimea, 1625 The Raids of the Cossacks and the Battle of Kara Harman, 1625 The Polish Campaign against the Cossacks of 1625 and its Aftermath IV. Hasan Pasha’s Campaigns to the Northern Black Sea and the Fall of Mehmed and §ahin Gerey, 1627-1628 126 The Campaign o f Hasan Pasha to Ozi, 1627 The Fall of Mehmed and §ahin Gerey, 1628-1629 i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PART H. THE EXPEDITIONS OF HASAN PASHA (1627 AND 1628): A CASE STUDY OF THE OTTOMAN DEFENSE OF THE BLACK SEA V. The Mobilization of Men and Materiel 166 Troops and Mobilization Transport and Supplies VI. Taxation and Finances 19^ The Havale and the Gcaklik The Assignment of Mukata'at as Ocakliks The Register o f Ocakliks VII. The Commander as Administrator: The Noncampaign Affairs of Hasan Pasha 258 CONCLUSION 267 APPENDIX. Ottoman Documentary Sources 271 GLOSSARY 300 BIBLIOGRAPHY 312 ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLES Table 1. Mobilization firmans of 1627 in Hasan Pasha’s firman-register 172 Table 2. Mobilization firmans of 1628 in MD 83 173 Table 3. Summary of 1627 yok.la.ma register (TT 751, pp. 1-2) 178 Table 4. Summary of 1628 yoklama register (TT 751, pp. 45-58) 179 Table 5. Distribution of garrison troops in the eyalet of Ozi 185 Table 6. Havales for kapikuli and other troops with the fleet in 1627 214 Table 7. Mukata'at assigned as ocaklik by Hasan Pasha in 1037/1627-1628 226 Table 8. Mukata'a stipends according to type and location 231 Table 9. Stipends according to mukata'at and their §art-i hazine- and gart-i kila'- shares 235 Table 10. Officials in charge of mukata 'at assigned as ocakliks for the Ozi frontier 239 Table 11. Salaries (salyane) covered by ocakliks assigned for 1037/1627-1628 242 Table-12. Wages (mevacib) covered by ocakliks assigned for 1037/1627-1628 242 Table 13. Net revenue income and salary and wage expenditures of 1037/1627-1628 ocaklik funds 243 Table 14. Ocakliks assigned to the Ozi fortress complex and Kil Bunin according to a firman from July-August 1928 (MD 83, no. 139; in akgas) 252 Table 15. Distribution of the garrison troops and wages in the eyalet of Ozi in 1037/1627-1628 254 Table 16. Sample annual aggregate wages ( mevacib) in 1627 and 1628 255 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Preface In the course of working on this dissertation, I have received assistance and encouragement from my teachers and friends. My thesis director, Professor Omeijan Pritsak, introduced me to Turcology, as well as to Ukrainian history from the international and multi-source perspective. For this and for his academic guidance and belief in me, I thank him. Professor Halil inalcik of the University of Chicago, who originally inspired me to study Ottoman history during my undergraduate years, has been very generous, inviting me to attend his seminars on Ottoman diplomatics and paleography as well as sharing his experience as a historian. I also thank Professor Edward L. Keenan, who was my advisor in Russian history, for impressing upon me the importance of a critical attitude to the sources while at the same time leading me to new and original historical vistas. Aside from my thesis advisors, there are several others who provided valuable academic guidance: Dr. Frank Sysyn on Polish-Lithuanian, as well as Ukrainian history, Dr. §inasi Tekin and Andrds Riedlmayer in Ottoman Turkish texts and documents. The research abroad for this thesis was carried out in three stages. In 1982-1983,1 worked in manuscript libraries in the USSR, in the summer of 1983, in archives of Turkey, and in 1985-1986, in archives and manuscript libraries in Poland. Of the many materials which I was able to consult in the archives and manuscript libraries in these countries those in the Ba§bakanlik Archives of Istanbul proved to be the most crucial in shaping this study and I would like to express my gratitude to that institution and its staff. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. My research in the USSR was made possible by a Fulbright-Hayes fellowship and a grant from the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX). My research in Poland was also funded by IREX. The writing of this dissertation was supported by fellowships in Russian and Soviet studies from the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) and the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) (1987-1988), and for East European studies, also the SSRC and ACLS, as well as a fellowship from the Institute of Turkish Studies (1938-1989). I would also like to express my gratitude to the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute for its stimulating and supportive environment. Special thanks to Marta Baziuk for assistance far above and beyond the call of duty. v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Note on Transcription and Place Names Ottoman phrases and texts are given in boldface type in a full transcription based on the modem Turkish alphabet.