HUANG WENBI: PIONEER OF CHINESE ARCHAEOLOGY IN XINJIANG Justin M. Jacobs $PHULFDQ8QLYHUVLW\ henever one thinks of the history of the Silk Nikolai Petrovskii, Otani Kozui, Tachibana Zuicho, W Road and of the explorers and archaeologists George Macartney, Clarmont Skrine, Gustav Manner- ZKRÀUVWXQHDUWKHGLWVP\ULDGVRIDQFLHQWWUHDVXUHV heim, and perhaps even Ellsworth Huntington. One a select group of names readily comes to mind: Sven name that is rarely included within such lists, howev- Hedin, Aurel Stein, Albert von Le Coq, and Paul Pel- HULV+XDQJ:HQEL ² >)LJ@WKHÀUVW&KL- liot, to name just a few of the most famous (or infa- nese archaeologist to undertake excavations in Xinji- mous, depending on your perspective). For those ang. An international symposium dedicated entirely scholars who are somewhat more familiar with the to Huangs life and career, held in Urumqi in October history of the expeditions themselves, other explor- 2013 and sponsored by Xinjiang Normal University HUVDQGLQÁXHQWLDOSHUVRQDJHVDUHMXVWDVZHOONQRZQ and the newly established Huang Wenbi Institute FRQVWLWXWHV WKH ÀUVW VLJQLÀFDQW attempt to reassess his legacy. The conference, in which scholars from China, Ja- pan, Europe, and America all participated, was held in tandem with the publication of three substantial collections of articles likely to be of interest to anyone who studies some aspect of the history of the Silk Road in northwestern China. For historians and linguists of the pre-modern era, the most useful volume is likely to be &ROOHFWHG 3DSHUV RQ WKH 'RFXPHQWV 'LVFRYHUHG E\ +XDQJ:HQELLQWKH:HVWHUQ5HJLRQV (Beijing: Kexue chubanshe, 2013), edited by the noted Dunhuang scholar Rong Xinjiang. In his pref- ace, Rong observes that scholars have long referred to repositories of manuscripts and artifacts in London or Paris as the Stein collection or the Pelliot collec- tion, but that no one ever refers to the Huang Wenbi collection, despite its comparable size. As Rong him- self also notes, however, this is a natural result of the historical inaccessibility of the collection, a situation akin to similar collections held in the former Soviet Union. Now that materials from all such previously restricted holdings are rapidly being made available through facsimile reproductions and electronic repos- itories, Rong hopes that more scholars will be able to )LJ+XDQJ:HQEL$IWHUIURQWLVSLHFH 122 Copyright © 2014 Justin M. Jacobs 7KH6LON5RDG12 (2014): 122 131 Copyright © 2014 The Silkroad Foundation take advantage of the wealth of material that Huang has not yet received the serious scholarly treatment it collected during his expeditions to Xinjiang. The ar- deserves. By means of a careful analysis of the person- ticles in this volume, authored by a balanced mix of DOGLDU\+XDQJNHSWGXULQJKLVÀUVWDQGPRVWIDPRXV Chinese, Japanese, and Western scholars, represent expedition to Xinjiang (192730), it is hoped that more VRPHRIWKHÀUVWV\VWHPDWLFDWWHPSWVWRLQWHJUDWHWKH scholars, both within China and abroad, will recognize ´WKH +XDQJ :HQEL FROOHFWLRQµ LQWR ZLGHU ÀHOGV RI WKHHQRUPRXVSRWHQWLDORIDÀHOGRIVWXG\GHGLFDWHGWR comparative scholarship. the life and times of Huang Wenbi, in much the same Two other volumes offer an eclectic sampling of ar- ZD\WKDWRWKHUÀHOGVRIVWXG\KDYHJURZQXSDURXQG ticles relating mostly to Huangs life and career in a the lives of men like Aurel Stein or Sven Hedin. historical context, though some continue to pursue the above volumes focus on analyzing the actual ar- A Life of Obscurity chaeological material that Huang brought back from Up until very recently, the name Huang Wenbi has Xinjiang. &ROOHFWHG(VVD\VRQ+XDQJ:HQEL been relatively unknown outside of China. Even with- (Beijing: Kexue chubanshe, 2013), edited by Zhu in China, he enjoys nowhere near the prestige and Yuqi and Wang Xinchun, includes articles of both his- UHFRJQLWLRQRIRWKHUFRQWHPSRUDULHVLQUHODWHGÀHOGV torical and historiographical import, many of which Why? Two explanatory frameworks may go some way ZHUHÀUVWSXEOLVKHGVHYHUDOGHFDGHVDJR>)LJ@*HQ- in helping to understand his neglect: language and erally speaking, the later the date of original publi- SROLWLFV 7KH ÀUVW H[SODQDWLRQ LV ODUJHO\ UHVSRQVLEOH cation, the higher the quality of scholarship. Though for his obscurity outside of China and Japan. Huang some of the articles included in this volume break new was educated entirely within China, obtaining all of ground in going beyond mere admiration of the man his degrees from Peking University in the late 1910s and his work, too many of them simply cover more or and early 1920s, and never traveled abroad. Though it less the same standard points of biographical interest, seems he could read publications in major European lacking both new sources and new interpretations. Six ODQJXDJHVSHUWDLQLQJWRKLVÀHOGDQGZDVDEOHWRFDU- entire articles, for instance, are authored by Huangs ry on basic conversations with his foreign colleagues son, and belong more to the category of studied rem- apparently in English or German his own work iniscences than scholarship. Far more promising is 7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6\PSRVLXP RQ +XDQJ :HQEL DQG WKH 6LQR6ZHGLVK1RUWKZHVW&KLQD6FLHQWLÀF([SHGLWLRQ , a collection of papers presented at the international conference in 8UXPTLLQ+HUHRQHÀQGVFXWWLQJHGJHUHVHDUFK into Huangs life and work, put forth by new and promising scholarsmostly from mainland China for whom the restrictive politics and scholarly taboos RI HDUOLHU JHQHUDWLRQV H[HUW OHVV LQÁXHQFH WKDQ WKH\ did on their forbears. The purpose of the present article is to bring much-needed attention to the lively reassessment of Huang Wenbis life and work currently underway, DQG IXUWKHU WR FRQWULEXWH WR WKH HPHUJLQJ ÀHOG RI Huang Wenbi studies. For the historian of twenti- eth-century China, the life and times of Huang Wenbi offer original and rare insights into the relationship between foreign scholars and their Chinese counter- parts during an era of great upheaval. Huang came of age during a time when the global monopoly of West- ern and Japanese scholarly institutions was gradual- ly and reluctantlygiving way to the determined efforts of Chinese scholars to join the ranks of an in- WHUQDWLRQDOVFLHQWLÀFHOLWH7KRXJKLWZDVDSURWUDFWHG painful, and highly illuminating process, it is one that )LJ7KHFRYHURIZLWKDQH[SHGLWLRQSKRWRRI +XDQJ:HQEL 123 was published exclusively in Chinese, and remains so el to which all foreign scholars are expected to ad- to this day. This stands in stark contrast to some of here should they desire to do work in China. For Xu his more well-known contemporaries such as the Bingxu, the professor of philosophy at Peking Univer- archaeologist Li Ji or anthropologist Fei Xiaotong sity who was selected as Co-Director of the expedition who were educated abroad and saw to it that their alongside Sven Hedin, the venture was regarded as a works appeared in both English and Chinese. That politically successful enterprise that paid professional Huang did not survive the Cultural Revolution, suc- dividends for the rest of his life. Xus diary of his ex- cumbing to his persecutors on a snowy winter day SHULHQFHVÀUVWSXEOLVKHGLQKDVORQJDWWUDFWHG in 1966, similarly deprived him of the opportunity to scholarly attention and is frequently reprinted. oversee a revival of his scholarship during the reform In stark contrast, Huangs diary, amounting to 565 era. typeset pages, was never even prepared for publica- Another inhibiting factor related to language is the tion during his lifetime. (It is a wonder at all that the fact that many of Huangs discoveries contained an- original handwritten manuscript managed to survive cient Central Asian scripts and languages. Indeed, as Huangs persecution during the Cultural Revolution). will become evident in the analysis to follow, this is Only through the unstinting efforts of Huangs son, one of the more important and compelling aspects of Huang Lie, was the manuscript rescued and edited Huangs legacy, and one that carries profound impli- GXULQJWKHUHIRUPHUDÀQDOO\VHHLQJWKHOLJKWRIGD\ cations for the political and cultural debates attendant in 1990. What can account for such a delay? Articles on any frontier expedition. In the context of his time, by Li Xun and Håkan Wahlquist, appearing in two however, the unfortunate result was that few scholars of the three volumes published on the occasion of the within China had the linguistic expertise which might 2013 conference, both give prominence to a series of have allowed them to study Huangs collection with remarkable entries in the second and third volumes SURÀWHYHQLILWKDGEHHQDFFHVVLEOHWRWKHP$V:DQJ of Hedins massive +LVWRU\ RI WKH ([SHGLWLRQ LQ $VLD Guowei observed in the 1920s, none of our country- ², long the chief narrative of the expedition men have yet studied these sorts of ancient languag- with which most people outside of China are familiar. es. As a result, those who wanted to unlock the secrets As Wahlquist notes, it is in these portions of the nar- of non-Chinese documents and artifacts discovered in rative, particularly the one detailing Hedins return to Xinjiang have no choice but to look toward England, Beijing in 1934, that Hedin takes the unprecedented France, and Germany (Wang 1999, p. 52). (Even to- and for him highly unusual step of vilifying one day, roughly half of the articles contained in &ROOHFWHG of his adversaries in print. That adversary is Huang 3DSHUVRQWKH'RFXPHQWV'LVFRYHUHGE\+XDQJ:HQELLQ Wenbi, whom Hedin repeatedly disparages as an un- WKH:HVWHUQ5HJLRQV [2013] have been penned by West- scrupulous rumor-monger