Treatment for Addiction in the Community Reduces Drug Use, Crime and Recidivism Richard A. Rawson, Ph.D, Professor Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior David Geffen School of Medicine University of California at Los Angeles www.uclaisap.org [email protected] “The takeaway from the CDCR report should be that the public and leaders at all levels of government should get past doomsday rhetoric about realignment and work with counties to attack the link between drugs and crime. “ Editorial: Realignment hasn't caused a crime wave Sac Bee, May 28, 2013 Individuals involved in the criminal justice system have very high rates of alcohol and drug use. Severity of Substance Abuse Disorders Among Inmates 120 70-80% inmates have 100 used illegal drugs 80 Adults--31% Males, 60 No use 52% Females need Percent 40 Users intensive tx services Abusers 20 Dependent 53% meet criteria for 0 abuse/dependence Juveniles—50% need services Belenko & Peugh (2005) Justice-Involved 4 Times More Likely to Have SUD Than General Population 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Parolees Probationers Asian African American Caucasian Hispanic Pacific Islander American Indian National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2005. Co-Occurring Disorders Common among State Inmates DRUG ABUSE/ MENTAL DRUG ABUSE/ DEPENDENCE NO HEALTH DEPENDENCE & MENTAL PROBLEMS DISORDER ONLY HEALTH ONLY DISORDER TOTAL INMATE POPULATION 29.6% 22.0% 17.8% 30.6% OFFENSE TYPE VIOLENT 32.9% 18.8% 21.0% 27.3% DRUG 26.1% 28.5% 11.7% 33.7% NON-VIOLENT NON-DRUG 26.3% 22.9% 16.7% 34.1% 6 A Focus on Opiate Use Opioid Dependence is a Growing Public Health Concern in the US 2.1 1.998 2 1.958 or 1.92 1.9 or Pain millions)1 millions)1 1.8 1.773 in 1.7 1.658 1.613 1.6 Relievers Relievers ( Abusing Heroin Abusing People Dependent on 1.5 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 65% of jail and prison population meet criteria for a substance use disorder 23% have a history of opioid use (heroin and prescription painkillers) People age 12 or older dependent on or abusing heroin or pain relievers. Growing Incidence of Opioid Dependence in the US, 2002-2008. SAMHSA NSDUH 2008, p. 268 Treating Addiction in the Criminal Justice Population is Cost-Effective Principles of Drug Abuse Treatment for Criminal Justice Populations. (2012). NIDA. NIH Publication No. 11-5316 Treatment Approaches for Offenders Need to Use Contemporary Evidence- Based Practices Addiction Treatment in 2013 What do the following things have in common: Audio Cassette Tapes Telephone Answering Machines Electric Typewriters TV Shows: The Love Boat and Fantasy Island Addiction treatments currently used in the California criminal justice system Answer: This image cannot currently be displayed. They all belong to the 1970s Addiction Treatment Model 1975 “Put them in a box and cure them” Drug User Treatment NTOMS Sample of 250 Programs Non- Drug User Addiction Treatment Model 2013 “Maximize Effectiveness using a Continuum of Care” Detox Residential Treatment Outpatient Behavioral and Medication Treatment Continuing Care/Recovery Support Services Standardized Assessment and Patient Placement Standardized Assessment Standardized Patient Placement Detox Residential Outpatient Continuing Care/Recovery Support Services The Role of Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) Major Advancements in SUD Treatment Methadone treatment has been acknowledged by the UN and WHO as an essential medication and the most effective treatment for opiate dependence currently available. Over the last decade, the FDA has approved two new medication for the treatment of substance use disorders: Buprenorphine (Suboxone) Extended-release Naltrexone (Vivitrol) The vast majority of scientific evidence documents the effectiveness of MAT in treating opioid addiction Medication-Assisted Treatment For Opioid Addiction in Opioid Treatment Programs. (2008). SAMHSA Methadone Orally active synthetic μ agonist which blocks euphoria. Long half-life, slow elimination Effects last 24 hours; once-daily dosing maintains constant blood level Prevents withdrawal, reduces craving and use Clinic dispensing limits availability Crime Among 491 Patients Before And During MMT at 6 Programs 300 240 250 200 Before TX 150 During 100 TX 50 22 Crime Days Per Year 0 Adapted from Ball & Ross - The Effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance Treatment, 1991 Opioid Agonist Treatment of Addiction - Payte - 1998 In-Custody Methadone Induction Improves Treatment Effectiveness Methadone Experiment: 6 Mo Post Release (N=201) 120 100 80 Community-based Tx 60 Days 40 % Opioid Test Positive 20 Crime Days 0 Release Methadone Methadone Referral to Treatment on Both Pre- & Methadone Release Post-Release Treatment -- signif. diff from referral -- signif. diff from treatment only on release Gordon, M.S., Kinlock, T.W., Schwartz, R.P., O’Grady, K.E. (2008). In-Custody Enrollment in Methadone Treatment Principles of Drug Abuse Treatment for Criminal Justice Populations. (2012). NIDA. NIH Publication No. 11-5316 Buprenorphine Partial opioid agonist with limited potential for overdose Minimal subjective effects (e.g., sedation) following a dose Available for use in office settings Lower level of physical dependence Suboxone ® limits diversion by causing severe withdrawal symptoms in addicted users who inject it to get “high.” Buprenorphine For Women in the Criminal Justice System Opioid-dependent women who were given active buprenorphine over a 12-week intervention period had lower relapse rates after returning to the community than those who did not receive medication. Cropsey, et al. (2011). Results of a pilot randomized controlled trial of buprenorphine for opioid dependent women in the criminal justice system. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 119, 172-178 Extended Release Naltrexone Opiate antagonist available in tablet or extended-release injection form (Vivitrol ®). This medication is an effective opioid treatment with few side effects Naltrexone treatments are an especially promising therapy for opiate dependence with correctional populations because of the low abuse liability and lack of euphoria associated with this treatment. Cropsey, et al. (2005). Pharmacotherapy Treatment in Substance-Dependent Correctional Populations: A Review. Substance Use & Misuse, 40, 1983-1999. Six Month Treatment Outcomes All Sites Completer (n=27) Non-completer (n=13) 100% 80% 60% 56% 50% 44% 39% 40% 20% 15% 4% 0% Opioid + UDS Re-incarcerated Employed p =.003 p = .011 p = .311 Coviello et al., In Press Comparative Evidence Base of MAT for Opioid Dependence Despite the success of agonist treatments such as methadone and buprenorphine, few offenders receive these treatments Criminal justice system has not been favorable to agonist treatments Efficacy Community Effectiveness CJS CJS CJS Feasibility Effective Adoption Methadone ++++ +++ +++ ++ + BUP-NX + (buprenorphine) ++++ +++ ++ + XR-NTX ++ ++ +++ ++ ? Lee, et al. (2013) Presentation: Extended-Release Naltrexone for Opioid Relapse Prevention at Jail Re-entry. Recommendations Make all Addiction Medications Pharmacy Benefits Include Methadone Maintenance as a benefit for all individuals with opioid addiction (in the exchange plans) Have CDC and county jails employ proactive enrollment of patients in MAT before release Recommendations Support AB Bills: AB 395 – To allow residential SUD treatment programs licensed by the department to include on-staff physicians knowledgeable of addiction medicine as part of a multidisciplinary healthcare team AB 720 – To require counties to designate an individual or agency to enroll into Medi-Cal certain individuals held in county jail, consistent with federal requirements AB 889 – Would require a plan or insurer to have an expeditious process in place to authorize exceptions to step therapy when medically necessary, and to conform effectively and efficiently to continuity of care .