UNEP-WCMC technical report Review of selected species subject to long- standing import suspensions Part III: Europe, North America, and Central and South America and the Caribbean (Version edited for public release) Review of selected species subject to long-standing import suspensions. Part IIII: Europe, North America, and Central and South America and the Caribbean Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium Prepared May 2016 Copyright European Commission 2016 Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2016. Review of selected species subject to long-standing import suspensions. Part III: Europe, North America, and Central and South America and the Caribbean. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organization. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific research with policy advice and the development of decision tools. We are able to provide objective, scientifically rigorous products and services to help decision-makers recognize the value of biodiversity and apply this knowledge to all that they do. To do this, we collate and verify data on biodiversity and ecosystem services that we analyze and interpret in comprehensive assessments, making the results available in appropriate forms for national and international level decision-makers and businesses. To ensure that our work is both sustainable and equitable we seek to build the capacity of partners where needed, so that they can provide the same services at national and regional scales. 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Contents Introduction and summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………..………1 Ateles geoffroyi II/B ................................................................................................................................ 3 Chiropotes chiropotes II/B .................................................................................................................... 15 Pithecia pithecia II/B ............................................................................................................................. 18 Deroptyus accipitrinus II/B ................................................................................................................. 20 Paleosuchus trigonatus II/B ................................................................................................................ 24 Boa constrictor II/B .............................................................................................................................. 28 Gopherus berlandieri II/B...................................................................................................................... 33 Galanthus nivalis II/B........................................................................................................................... 38 Orchis mascula II/B ............................................................................................................................. 42 Cyclamen mirabile II/B ........................................................................................................................ 45 Cyclamen pseudibericum II/B .............................................................................................................. 47 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 49 Introduction Introduction and summary This document provides reviews of 21 species/country combinations of species from Europe, North America, and Central and South America and the Caribbean currently subject to long-standing Article 4.6(b) import suspensions. The document is provided to inform discussions by the Scientific Review Group as to whether these trade restrictions may still be warranted. Trade data were downloaded on 10/03/20161 and the full dataset is available here: http://wcmc.io/SRG_76_direct_trade and http://wcmc.io/SRG_76_indirect_trade. 1 Data for the review of Deroptyus accipitrinus from Suriname was downloaded on the 31/03/2016. 1 Introduction 2 Ateles geoffroyi PRIMATES: ATELIDAE Ateles geoffroyi II/B COMMON NAMES: Geoffroy's Spider Monkey (EN), Atèle de Geoffroy (FR), Ateles de Geoffroy (ES) RANGE STATES: Belize, Colombia (uncertain), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama UNDER REVIEW: Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama EU DECISIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild imports from Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Panama first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 28/05/2015. Current no opinion i) for wild imports from Nicaragua applied 07/12/2012. IUCN: Endangered Taxonomic note The taxonomy of Ateles geoffroyi has been subject to debate in the literature (Kellogg and Goldman, 1944; Rylands et al., 2006; Morales-Jimenez et al., 2015) and is considered to be in need of further taxonomic revision (Morales-Jimenez et al., 2015). The current CITES Standard Reference (Wilson and Reeder, 2005) recognises four subspecies (A. geoffroyi grisescens, A. g. ornatus, A. g. vellerosus, and A. g. yucatanensis), whereas other recent sources typically recognise seven subspecies (e.g. Rylands et al., 2006, Cuarón et al., 2008a, Mittermeier et al., 2013). Although A. g. frontatus and A. g. panamensis are listed separately in CITES Appendix I, A. g. panamensis is generally considered a synonym of A. g. ornatus (Wilson and Reeder, 2005; Rylands et al., 2006, Morales-Jimenez et al., 2015). The adoption of Rylands et al., (2006) as the CITES Standard Reference for Ateles geoffroyi would result in the following taxonomic change: Ateles geoffroyi panamensis (Appendix I) will become A. g. ornatus. This review does not further refer to A. g. frontatus (Appendix I). For the purposes of this review, the taxonomy accepted by the CITES Standard Reference is followed, but for clarification, the taxa used in the literature is given in square brackets. Trade patterns Ateles geoffroyi was listed in Appendix II on 04/02/1977 as part of the order level listing for Primates and was included in Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations on 01/06/1997, also as part of the order level listing for Primates. Subspecies A. g. frontatus and A. g. panamensis were listed in Appendix I on 01/07/1975 and in Annex A of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations on 01/06/1997. Belize: Belize has not published annual export quotas for A. geoffroyi for the period 2005-2016. Belize has submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2012 but has not yet submitted annual reports for 2013 or 2014. 3 Ateles geoffroyi No direct exports of A. geoffroyi from Belize to the EU-28 were reported for the period 2005-2014. Direct trade in A. geoffroyi from Belize to countries other than the EU-28 2005-2014 comprised wild-sourced specimens for scientific purposes reported in 2009 (70) and in 2010 (350), by the exporter only. No indirect trade in A. geoffroyi to the EU-28 originating in Belize was reported for the period 2005-2014. No direct or indirect exports of A. g. frontatus or A. g. panamensis from, or originating in Belize, to the EU-28 or the rest of the world was reported 2005-2014. Colombia: Colombia has not published annual export quotas for A. geoffroyi for the period 2005-2016 and has submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2014. No direct or indirect trade in A. geoffroyi, A. g. frontatus or A. g. panamensis from, or originating in, Colombia to the EU-28 or the rest of the world was reported 2005-2014. Costa Rica: Costa Rica has not published annual export quotas for A. geoffroyi for the period 2005-2016. Costa Rica has submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2014. Direct exports of A. geoffroyi from Costa Rica to the EU-28 comprised 100 wild-sourced specimens for scientific purposes, reported by importers in 2014 (Table 1). Direct exports of A. geoffroyi from Costa Rica to countries other than the EU-28 comprised very low levels of wild-sourced derivatives and specimens traded for scientific purposes in 2005. No indirect trade of A. geoffroyi originating in Costa Rica to the EU-28 was reported for the period 2005-2014. No direct or indirect trade to the EU-28 in A. g. frontatus or A. g. panamensis was reported 2005-2014. Direct exports of A. g. frontatus to countries other than the EU-28 from Costa Rica comprised low levels of trade of wild-sourced