Andrei Daniel MIHALCA Textbook of Veterinary Parasitology Introduction to parasitology. Protozoology. AcademicPres Andrei D. MIHALCA TEXTBOOK OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY Introduction to parasitology Protozoology AcademicPres Cluj-Napoca, 2013 © Copyright 2013 Toate drepturile rezervate. Nici o parte din această lucrare nu poate fi reprodusă sub nici o formă, prin nici un mijloc mecanic sau electronic, sau stocată într-o bază de date, fără acordul prealabil, în scris, al editurii. Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României Mihalca Andrei Daniel Textbook of Veterinary Parasitology: Introduction to parasitology; Protozoology / Andrei Daniel Mihalca. Cluj-Napoca: AcademicPres, 2013 Bibliogr. Index ISBN 978-973-744-312-0 339.138 Director editură – Prof. dr. Carmen SOCACIU Referenţi ştiinţifici: Prof. Dr. Vasile COZMA Conf. Dr. Călin GHERMAN Editura AcademicPres Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară Cluj-Napoca Calea Mănăştur, nr. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca Tel. 0264-596384 Fax. 0264-593792 E-mail: [email protected] Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 DEFINING PARASITOLOGY. DIVERSITY OF PARASITISM IN NATURE. ................................................. 1 1.2 PARASITISM AS AN INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTION ............................................................................... 2 1.3 AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO PARASITOLOGY ................................................................................... 5 1.4 A BRIEF HISTORY OF PARASITOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 6 1.5 TYPES OF PARASITES .............................................................................................................................. 10 1.6 TYPES OF HOSTS ...................................................................................................................................... 14 1.7 LIFE CYCLE OF PARASITES ..................................................................................................................... 16 1.7.1 Types of parasitic life cycles ............................................................................................... 16 1.7.2 Stages in the external environment ................................................................................ 19 1.7.3 Getting in/on the host ........................................................................................................... 22 1.7.4 Migration and development in the host ........................................................................ 24 1.7.5 Biological background for host specificity ................................................................... 26 1.8 HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS ........................................................................................................... 27 1.8.1 Pathogenicity of parasites ................................................................................................... 28 1.8.2 Immunity of host to parasites ............................................................................................ 31 1.9 CLASSIFICATION OF PARASITES ............................................................................................................ 33 1.9.1 Principles of zoological taxonomy ................................................................................... 33 1.9.2 Major parasitic taxa ................................................................................................................ 35 SELECTED REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING ............................................................................................. 35 2 PROTOZOA ................................................................................................................................... 37 2.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................................. 37 2.2 DIVERSITY OF PARASITIC PROTOZOA .................................................................................................. 38 2.3 THE FLAGELLATED PROTOZOA ............................................................................................................. 38 2.3.1 Kinetoplastids ........................................................................................................................... 40 2.3.1.1 Equine dourine .................................................................................................................... 42 2.3.1.2 Vector-borne trypanosomoses in domestic animals .......................................... 47 2.3.1.3 Canine leishmaniosis ........................................................................................................ 60 2.3.1.4 Feline leishmaniosis .......................................................................................................... 69 2.3.2 Trichomonads ........................................................................................................................... 69 2.3.2.1 Genital trichomonosis in cattle ..................................................................................... 70 2.3.2.2 Buccal trichomonosis in dogs and cats ..................................................................... 75 2.3.2.3 Anterior digestive trichomonosis in birds .............................................................. 76 2.3.2.4 Intestinal trichomonosis in birds ................................................................................ 81 2.3.2.5 Intestinal trichomonosis in mammals ....................................................................... 83 2.3.2.6 Histomonosis of poultry .................................................................................................. 84 2.3.3 Diplomonadids ......................................................................................................................... 88 2.3.3.1 Giardiosis ............................................................................................................................... 88 2.4 APICOMPLEXA ......................................................................................................................................... 93 2.4.1 Eimeriidae .................................................................................................................................. 96 2.4.1.1 Intestinal coccidiosis in mammals .............................................................................. 98 2.4.1.2 Intestinal eimeriosis in birds ..................................................................................... 110 2.4.1.3 Hepatic eimeriosis in rabbits ..................................................................................... 119 2.4.1.4 Renal eimeriosis in geese ............................................................................................. 121 2.4.2 Cryptosporidiidae ................................................................................................................ 123 2.4.2.1 Cryptosporidiosis ............................................................................................................ 123 2.4.3 Sarcocystidae ......................................................................................................................... 130 2.4.3.1 Sarcocystoses .................................................................................................................... 131 2.4.3.2 Toxoplasmosis .................................................................................................................. 141 2.4.3.3 Neosporosis........................................................................................................................ 155 2.4.3.4 Other heteroxenous coccidia parasitic in domestic animals ........................ 166 2.4.4 Hepatozoidae.......................................................................................................................... 167 2.4.4.1 Canine hepatozoonosis ................................................................................................. 168 2.4.4.2 Feline hepatozoonosis ................................................................................................... 173 2.4.5 Babesiidae................................................................................................................................ 173 2.4.5.1 Babesioses .......................................................................................................................... 174 2.4.6 Theileriidae ............................................................................................................................. 184 2.4.6.1 Theilerioses ........................................................................................................................ 184 2.5 CILIOPHORA .......................................................................................................................................... 189 2.5.1 Ciliates of domestic animals ............................................................................................ 190 2.5.1.1 Balantidiosis ...................................................................................................................... 190 2.5.1.2 Buxtonellosis ..................................................................................................................... 193 SELECTED REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING .........................................................................................