A/HRC/42/CRP.5 Distr.: General 16 September 2019 Original: English Human Rights Council Forty-second session 9-27 September 2019 Agenda item 2 Human rights situation that require the Council’s attention Detailed findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar* * Information complementary to that contained in the official report (A/HRC/42/50), submitted to the Human Rights Council pursuant to resolution 39/2. Reproduced as received, in the language of submission only. GE. A/HRC/42/CRP.5 Contents Page I. Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 5 II. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 8 III. Mandate and follow up the Human Rights Council resolution 39/2 ................................................ 9 A. Interpretation of the Mandate .................................................................................................. 9 B. Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 9 C. Legal Framework ..................................................................................................................... 9 1. Economic, social and cultural rights ............................................................................... 10 2. Rules of State responsibility ............................................................................................ 11 IV. The situation of the Rohingya .......................................................................................................... 17 A. Citizenship ............................................................................................................................... 18 1. National Verification Cards ............................................................................................. 20 2. Annual Household lists ................................................................................................... 31 3. Conclusions and legal findings ........................................................................................ 32 B. Land clearance destruction, confiscation and construction ...................................................... 33 1. The situation of the internally displaced.......................................................................... 34 2. Conclusions and legal findings C. Restrictions .............................................................................................................................. 48 1. Restrictions on movement ............................................................................................... 48 2. Access to livelihoods ....................................................................................................... 52 3.. Conclusions and legal findings ........................................................................................ 56 D. Security and safety ................................................................................................................... 58 E. Forced or compulsory labour ................................................................................................... 59 F. The repatriation process ........................................................................................................... 62 1. Historical factors ............................................................................................................. 65 2. Current repatriation efforts .............................................................................................. 66 G. Conclusions and legal findings: the impossibility of return ..................................................... 67 1. Crimes against humanity of persecution and other inhumane acts .................................. 68 2. Genocide under the rules of State responsibility/Inference of genocide ......................... 70 3. State attribution for underlying acts of genocide ............................................................. 70 4. Establishing genocidal intent ........................................................................................... 72 5. Failure to investigate and punish genocide...................................................................... 72 6. Failure to enact legislation .............................................................................................. 75 7. Continuing genocidal intent ............................................................................................ 76 8. Serious risk of genocide .................................................................................................. 76 9. Impossibility of return ..................................................................................................... 78 10. Business and development assistance in Rakhine State .................................................. 79 V. The conflict between the Tatmadaw and the Arakan Army ............................................................. 80 2 A/HRC/42/CRP.5 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 80 B. The Arakan Army .................................................................................................................... 82 C. Violations by the Tatmadaw .................................................................................................... 86 1. Unlawful attacks by the Tatmadaw ................................................................................. 86 2. Military use of and damage to schools and religious sites .............................................. 99 3. Torture, arbitrary detention and deaths in custody .......................................................... 104 4. Forced labour................................................................................................................... 112 5. Humanitarian impacts of the conflict .............................................................................. 115 D. Abuses by the Arakan Army .................................................................................................... 120 1. Forced labour................................................................................................................... 120 2. Abductions and deprivation of liberty ............................................................................. 121 3. Seizure of property and extortion .................................................................................... 122 4. Conclusions and legal findings ........................................................................................ 123 E. Gendered impacts .................................................................................................................... 123 F. Landmines ............................................................................................................................... 127 G. Threats to freedom of expression, association and the press ................................................... 125 1. Freedom of expression, and crack-down on local media................................................. 126 2. Internet shutdown in Rakhine and Chin State ................................................................. 127 3. Conclusions and legal findings ........................................................................................ 129 VI. The situation in northern Myanmar .................................................................................................. 132 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 132 B. Violations by the Tatmadaw and Tatmadaw sponsored militia ............................................... 135 1. Tatmadaw attacks and other military operations causing deaths and injury of civilians . 135 2. Torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment ..................... 137 3. Forced or compulsory Labour ......................................................................................... 142 4. Sexual and gender-based violence................................................................................... 143 C. Patterns of abuses by EAOs ..................................................................................................... 146 1. EAO attacks..................................................................................................................... 146 2. Putting civilians in harm‘s way ....................................................................................... 147 3. Treatment of Christian minorities ................................................................................... 149 4. Forced recruitment .......................................................................................................... 149 5. Child recruitment ............................................................................................................. 150 6. Abductions, deprivatiaon of liberty and cruel treatment ................................................. 151 7. Sexual and gender-based violence................................................................................... 152 8. Conclusions and legal findings .......................................................................................