Semantic specificity of perception verbs in Maniq © Ewelina Wnuk 2016 Printed and bound by Ipskamp Drukkers Cover photo: A Maniq campsite, Satun province, Thailand, September 2011 Photograph by Krittanon Thotsagool Semantic specificity of perception verbs in Maniq Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. J.H.J.M. van Krieken, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 16 september 2016 om 10.30 uur precies door Ewelina Wnuk geboren op 28 juli 1984 te Leżajsk, Polen Promotoren Prof. dr. A. Majid Prof. dr. S.C. Levinson Copromotor Dr. N. Burenhult (Lund University, Zweden) Manuscriptcommissie Prof. dr. P.C. Muysken Prof. dr. N. Evans (Australian National University, Canberra, Australië) Dr. N. Kruspe (Lund University, Zweden) The research reported in this thesis was supported by the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften, München, Germany. For my parents, Zofia and Stanisław Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. i Abbreviations ................................................................................................ vii 1 General introduction ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Aim and scope ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Theoretical background to verbal semantic specificity ......................................... 6 1.3 Types of perception verbs ................................................................................. 12 1.4 Stative and dynamic verbs in the context of word class distinctions in Maniq .... 15 1.5 Relationship of verbal semantic specificity to the verbiness of Maniq ................ 19 1.6 Dynamism bias and the Maniq ecological and cultural setting ........................... 23 1.7 Fieldwork and data collection ........................................................................... 27 1.8 Structure of the thesis ...................................................................................... 30 2 The Maniq ..................................................................................................... 33 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 33 2.2 Maniq society ................................................................................................... 33 2.3 Ethnonyms ....................................................................................................... 35 2.4 Ethnographic sources ....................................................................................... 35 2.5 Sociolinguistic survey ....................................................................................... 36 2.6 Knowledge about Maniq in Thailand ................................................................ 40 2.7 Rainforest ecology and its significance for the Maniq ........................................ 41 2.8 Indigenous material culture .............................................................................. 43 2.9 Indigenous beliefs and the senses ...................................................................... 45 2.10 Summary ......................................................................................................... 47 3 Language background and grammatical preliminaries ..................................... 49 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 49 3.2 Language name ................................................................................................ 49 3.3 Genetic affiliation ............................................................................................ 50 3.4 Prior language documentation and the scope of this thesis ................................ 53 3.5 Contact situation .............................................................................................. 54 3.6 Lexical borrowing from Malay and Thai............................................................ 56 3.7 Idiolectal variation and bilingualism ................................................................. 59 3.8 Phonology ........................................................................................................ 60 3.8.1 Phonemic inventory ............................................................................. 60 3.8.2 Phonotactics ........................................................................................ 61 3.8.3 Stress and tone..................................................................................... 63 3.9 Orthography .................................................................................................... 63 3.10 Morphology ..................................................................................................... 63 3.10.1 Basic structural units ............................................................................ 64 3.10.2 Processes ............................................................................................. 65 3.10.3 Vowel epenthesis ................................................................................. 67 3.11 Verbs ............................................................................................................... 68 3.11.1 Dynamic verbs ..................................................................................... 69 3.11.2 Stative verbs ........................................................................................ 71 3.11.3 Derivational morphology ..................................................................... 74 3.11.4 Diagrammatic and imagic iconicity ...................................................... 89 3.12 Nouns .............................................................................................................. 91 3.13 Pronouns ......................................................................................................... 93 3.13.1 Personal pronouns ............................................................................... 93 3.13.2 Interrogative and indefinite pronouns................................................... 94 3.14 Demonstratives ................................................................................................ 95 3.15 Prepositions ..................................................................................................... 97 3.16 Phrase and clause structure .............................................................................. 98 3.16.1 Noun phrase ........................................................................................ 98 3.16.2 Basic clause structure ........................................................................... 99 3.16.3 Multi-verb constructions .................................................................... 100 3.17 Depictive mode of speech ............................................................................... 101 3.18 Summary ....................................................................................................... 103 4 Ways of looking: Encoding visual paths in verbs............................................ 105 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 105 4.2 Semantics of Maniq motion verbs ................................................................... 109 4.3 Semantics of Maniq verbs of looking ............................................................... 111 4.3.1 Study 1: Translation questionnaire ..................................................... 112 4.3.2 Study 2: Picture naming ..................................................................... 116 4.3.3 Summary and discussion .................................................................... 132 4.4 Visual perception vs. motion events ................................................................ 138 4.5 Semantic organizational principle in the lexicon ............................................. 140 4.6 Conclusions .................................................................................................... 143 5 Verbs of color and visual surface property .................................................... 147 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 147 5.2 Basic color terminology: Color naming and focal colors................................... 152 5.2.1 Method .............................................................................................. 152 5.2.2 Results ............................................................................................... 154 5.2.3 Morphosyntactic properties of color terms in Maniq ........................... 160 5.2.4 Discussion of the naming and focal color tasks.................................... 163 5.3 Non-basic color terminology ........................................................................... 167 5.3.1 Exemplar listing ................................................................................. 168 5.3.2 Morphosyntactic properties of non-BCTs............................................. 180 5.3.3 Discussion of non-BCTs ...................................................................... 181 5.4 Verbal templates and diagrammatic iconicity