The Roman World Roman Myth as History - Monarchy to Republic Terminology • BCE - Before the Common Era • CE - Common Era Now: 30th July, 2013 CE Caesar murdered: Ides (15th) March, 44 BCE ROME’S SEVEN HILLS! " • Palane Hill • Roman Forum • River Tiber http://www.laits.utexas.edu/moore/rome/image/map-early-rome Ethnic Groups of Ancient Italy Early Romans trade with •Etruscans •Oscans •Latins •Greeks Similar image http:// at - http://www.utexas.edu/courses/romanciv/romancivimages3/Italymap.jpgSiwww.orbilat.com/Maps/Latin/ Origins of Rome • MYTH: Rome founded 753 BCE (8th c.)! • ARCHAEOLOGY: Iron Age settlements - 9th c.BCE" • hRp://www.utexas.edu/courses/ Reconstruction of Iron Age huts on Palatine Hill (based on evidence of excavation) http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=72 ‘Capitoline Wolf’ (Capitoline Museum, Rome) bronze wolf ?5th c.BCE; babies added 15th c.CE hp://schools.nashua.edu/myclass/lavalleev/Art%20History%20Pictures/ch09/9-10.jpg Romulus and Remus! • mythic narrative • Mars • Rhea Silvia (Ilia) - Vestal virgin • Amulius - uncle of Rhea Silvia • Numitor - father of Rhea Silvia • twin boys cast adrift on River Tiber Statue of Mars, Roman god of war, early 4th c., Yorkshire Museum http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolemage/7684918728/lightbox/ Romulus and Remus! • mythic narrative • Mars • Rhea Silvia (Ilia) • Numitor - father of Rhea Silvia - king • Amulius - uncle of Rhea Silvia • twin boys cast adrift on River Tiber • come ashore at Lupercal near Palatine • raised by she-wolf (lupa) • foster mother Larentia => lupa - another version - Livy 1.4 • royalty and divinity Republican denarius showing the she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus 137 BCE (obverse shows goddess Roma) hp://www2.cnr.edu/home/araia/state.html • hRp://www.angelfire.com/empire/marKana/ mars/index_gal.htm http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/sear5/s0024.html She-wolf represents: maternal nurturing • hRp://www.angelfire.com/empire/marKana/ mars/index_gal.htm She-wolf represents: maternal nurturing and strength, ferocity, power • hRp://www.angelfire.com/empire/ marKana/mars/index_gal.htm Coin showing Romulus, Remus and she-wolf with Faustulus, herdsman who adopts twins hRp://pages.uoregon.edu/klio/im/rr/regal/faustulus.jpg Romulus and Remus! • mythic narrative • Mars • Rhea Silvia (Ilia) • Numitor - father of Rhea Silvia - king • Amulius - uncle of Rhea Silvia • twin boys cast adrift on River Tiber • come ashore near Palatine (Lupercal) • raised by she-wolf (lupa) • royalty and divinity • adopted by herdsman Faustulus and wife Larentia • non-elite upbringing Founding the City • Dispute between Romulus and Remus • Remus murdered - fratricide?" http://backtothemovieposters.blogspot.com.au/2011/03/romulus-et-remus.html Founding the City • Dispute between Romulus and Remus • Remus murdered - fratricide?" • Different versions (Livy 1.6; Ovid Fasti 4.721–862) • Rome founded on Palane Hill • TradiKonal date 753 BCE 753: foundaon date • 753 = year zero • Romans count years – ‘from the foundaon of the city’ • = ab urbe condita (the Ktle of Livy’s history) • Livy’s history: 753-9BCE, in 142 books • Book 1: beginnings-510BCE (The Early History of Rome) The other founder: Aeneas http://www.utexas.edu/courses/ lat311moore/LAT311images/ LAT311images1/aeneaspompeii.jpg • Trojan royal • Survives destrucKon of Troy by Greeks • Fall of Troy ?1184 BCE • Greek epics of Homer - Iliad and Odyssey • Exile, sails to Italy • Virgil Aeneid - wriRen approx. same Kme as Livy writes history of Rome: late 1st c.BCE http://www.utexas.edu/ courses/mythmoore/ imagefiles20/ aeneasfleeingtroy.html Aeneas’ divine ancestry • mother Venus (= Aphrodite) • father Ascanius – Trojan royal family • Julian family (including Julius Caesar) claim descent from Aeneas’ son, Iulus • Venus = patron goddess of Julius Caesar, and of Roman race • Augustus – Caesar’s heir - emperor at Kme of Livy and Virgil http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/philolog/2005/11/ aeneid_as_inspiration_for_anci.html Denarius of Julius Caesar (47-6 BCE), showing Aeneas leaving Troy • © Marco Prinx www.livius.org http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/caesar_aeneas_den_rev.jpg Reconciling the myths of origin • Aeneas = founder of Roman people, " at Lavinium (south of Rome) (12th c.)" • descendants moved inland (east) to" found Alba Longa" • 400 years later, Romulus founds Rome (753 BCE)" • Attempts to ‘fill in’ the intervening time with kings of Alba Longa (Livy 1.3) http://people.duke.edu/~jds15/clst-012/images/map.latium.jpg Roman IdenKty Romanness from: • blood-line (Aeneas) - from Homeric epic • locaon (Romulus) - nave Italian story • Aeneas - Venus - love & ferKlity • Romulus - Mars - war Who are the Romans? • Romulus’ Asylum on Capitoline Hill • city of exiles & outcasts (including Aeneas) • humble origins • inclusive society • hyper-masculine Sabine Women • Sabines - neighbours of Romans to north-east • Shortage of women ->‘The Rape of the Sabine Women’ The Romans carry off the Sabine women; coin issued 88 BCE, by L. Titurius Sabinus http://www.utexas.edu/courses/lat311moore/LAT311images/LAT311images1/sabinecoin9902250002.jpg Nicolas Poussin (1594 - 1665) Rape of the Sabine Women. Oil on canvas c. 1635 Metropolitan Museum, New York http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/rape-sabine-women Sabine Women • Sabines - neighbours of Romans to north-east • Shortage of women ->‘The Rape of the Sabine Women’ • Explanaon of Roman and Sabine incorporaon? (which may have happened much later) • Romulus co-rules with Sabine leader Titus Taus The Romans carry off the Sabine women; coin issued 88 BCE, by L. Titurius Sabinus http://www.utexas.edu/courses/lat311moore/ LAT311images/LAT311images1/ sabinecoin9902250002.jpg Sabine Women as Reconcilers of Romans and Sabines The Intervention of the Sabine Women. 1799 painting by Jacques-Louis David. http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/intervention-sabine-women Romulus’ aerlife • Romulus mysteriously disappears during a storm • deificaon, but no cult • assimilated to Quirinus - probably minor god associated with Mars • Romans = Quirites • Casa Romuli : ‘Hut of Romulus’ maintained on Palane Hill Romulus’ aerlife • Casa Romuli: ‘Hut of Romulus’ maintained on Palane Hill • first emperor, Augustus, also builds house on Palane • locaon of emperor’s home for centuries (‘palace’) The Roman Monarchy • Romulus (with Sabine, Tatius)" • Numa (Sabine) Romulus and Numa represent two sides to ‘Romanness’ ROMULUS NUMA • warlike - son of Mars • peaceful - closing of doors of Janus • violence - even within • civic life - introduces family; Sabine women laws and religious observances • Roman - names the • Sabine - outsider, and city and the people - educated by Greek the ulKmate insider (Pythagoras) .