Sam Goldstein Dana Princiotta Jack A. Naglieri Editors Handbook of Intelligence Evolutionary Theory, Historical Perspective, and Current Concepts Sam Goldstein • Dana Princiotta Jack A. Naglieri Editors Handbook of Intelligence Evolutionary Theory, Historical Perspective, and Current Concepts 2015 This volume is dedicated to the thousands of children to whom I have administered IQ tests and from whom I have learned that life is far more complex than a set of scores. To the researchers and clinicians who have come before and will follow me in the future. Science is never easy and not always popular but all we have to manage and temper our extraordinary and frequently expansive beliefs; and to Sherrie, my wonderful wife and partner. Sam Goldstein I am eternally grateful to my mother, Alison Helen Princiotta , for her extraordinary combination of love and wisdom; to my partner, Paul Alexander Brighton , for his unrelenting optimism and devotion; and to my nephews, Tyler James and Hunter James , for their collective enrichment of my life, coursing from New York all the way to “Oootah” (Utah). Dana Princiotta This book is dedicated to my wife, Kathleen Kryza, with love and admiration. Jack A. Naglieri “I believe in intuition and inspiration. Imagination is more important than knowl- edge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution. It is, strictly speaking, a real factor in scientifi c research.” Albert Einstein “Man’s mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains its original dimensions.” Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. “It is not the strongest or the most intelligent who will survive but those who can best manage change.” Charles Darwin vii Editor Biographies Sam Goldstein, Ph.D. is a psychologist with areas of study in school psychology, child development, and neuropsychology. He is licensed as a psychologist and certifi ed as a developmental disabilities evaluator in the State of Utah. Dr. Goldstein is a Fellow in the National Academy of Neuropsychology and American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine. He is a Board Certifi ed Pediatric Neuropsychologist. Dr. Goldstein is an Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine. Since 1980, Dr. Goldstein has worked in a private practice setting as the Director of a multidisciplinary team, providing evaluation, case management, and treatment services for children and adults with histories of neurological disease and trauma, autism, learning disability, adjustment diffi culties, and attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder. Dr. Goldstein is on staff at the University Neuropsychiatric Institute. He has served as a member of the Children’s Hospital Craniofacial Team. He has also been a member of the Developmental Disabilities Clinic in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Utah Medical School. Dr. Goldstein has authored, coauthored, or edited 50 clinical and trade publications, including 18 textbooks dealing with managing children’s behav- ior in the classroom, genetics, autism, attention disorders, resilience, and adult learning disabilities. With Barbara Ingersoll, Ph.D., he has coauthored texts dealing with controversial treatments for children’s learning and atten- tion problems and childhood depression. With Anne Teeter Ellison, he has authored Clinician’s Guide to Adult ADHD: Assessment and Intervention. With Nancy Mather, Ph.D., he has completed three texts for teachers and parents concerning behavioral and educational issues. With Michael Goldstein, M.D., he has completed two texts on attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder. He has edited three texts with Cecil Reynolds, Ph.D., on neurode- velopmental and genetic disorders in children. With Robert Brooks, Ph.D., he has authored 12 texts including Handbook of Resilience in Children, fi rst and second editions; Understanding and Managing Children’s Classroom Behavior, Second Edition; Raising Resilient Children; Nurturing Resilience in Our Children; Seven Steps to Help Children Worry Less; Seven Steps to Anger Management; The Power of Resilience; Raising a Self-Disciplined Child; and Raising Resilient Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. With Jack Naglieri, he has authored a number of texts on autism, assessment of intelligence, and executive functioning. He has coauthored a parent training ix x Editor Biographies program and is currently completing a number of additional texts on resil- ience, intelligence, and genetics. Dr. Goldstein is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Attention Disorders and serves on six editorial boards. He is also the Coeditor of the Encyclopedia of Child Development and Behavior. With Jack Naglieri, Ph.D., Dr. Goldstein is the coauthor of the Autism Spectrum Rating Scales, Comprehensive Executive Functioning Inventory, Rating Scales of Impairment, and with Dr. Naglieri and J. P. Das the Cognitive Assessment System, Second Edition. Dr. Goldstein, a knowledgeable and entertaining speaker, has lectured extensively on a national and international basis to thousands of professionals and parents concerning attention disorders in children, resilience, depression, adjustment and developmental impairments, autism, and assessment of brain dysfunction. Dana Princiotta, Ph.D. is a licensed psychologist in the state of Arizona. She completed postdoctoral study at the Neurology, Learning, and Behavior Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. In addition to this text, she has coauthored fi ve book chapters and a peer-reviewed article. Jack A. Naglieri, Ph.D. is a Research Professor at the Curry School of Education at the University of Virginia, Senior Research Scientist at the Devereux Center for Resilient Children, and Emeritus Professor of Psychology at George Mason University. He is a Fellow of APA Divisions 15 and 16, recipient of the 2001 Senior Scientist Award for APA Division 16, and the 2011 Italian American Psychology Assembly Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology. He is a Diplomate in Assessment Psychology, has earned a license as a School Psychologist in Virginia and Ohio, and earned school psychology certifi cations in New York, Georgia, Arizona, and Ohio. Dr. Naglieri has focused his professional efforts on theoretical and psy- chometric issues concerning intelligence, cognitive interventions, diagnosis of learning and emotional disorders, and theoretical and measurement issues pertaining to protective factors related to resilience. Dr. Naglieri is the author or coauthor of more than 300 scholarly papers, books, and tests. His scholarly research includes investigations related to exceptionalities such as mental retardation, specifi c learning disabilities, gift- edness, and attention defi cit disorder; psychometric studies of tests such as the Wechsler Scales of Intelligence, Cognitive Assessment System, and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children; examination of race, gender, and ethnic differences in cognitive processing; fair assessment using nonverbal and neurocognitive processing tests; identifi cation of gifted minorities, IDEA, and identifi cation of specifi c learning disabilities; and cognitively based math- ematics interventions. He has authored various books, including Essentials of CAS Assessment (Naglieri, 1999), and coauthored other books including Assessment of Cognitive Processes: The PASS Theory of Intelligence (Das, Naglieri, and Kirby, 1994); Helping Children Learn: Intervention Handouts for Use at School and Home, Second Edition (Naglieri and Pickering, 2010); Essentials of WNV Assessment (Brunnert, Naglieri, and Hardy-Braz, 2009); and Helping All Gifted Children Learn: A Teacher’s Guide to Using the NNAT2 (Naglieri, Brulles, and Lansdowne, 2009). Dr. Naglieri has also coedited Editor Biographies xi books such as Handbook of Assessment Psychology (Graham and Naglieri, 2002), Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders (Goldstein, Naglieri, and Ozonoff, 2009), Assessing Impairment: From Theory to Practice (Goldstein and Naglieri, 2009), and A Practitioner’s Guide to Assessment of Intelligence and Achievement (Naglieri and Goldstein, 2009). Dr. Naglieri’s scholarly efforts also include development and publication of tests and rating scales. He began this work in the mid-1980s with the pub- lication of the Matrix Analogies Tests (Naglieri, 1985) and the Draw-A- Person Quantitative Scoring System (Naglieri, 1988) and DAP: Screening Procedure for Emotional Disturbance (Naglieri, McNeish, and Bardos, 1991). He published the Devereux Behavior Rating Scale—School Form (Naglieri, LeBuffe, and Pfeiffer, 1993), Devereux Scales of Mental Disorders (Naglieri, LeBuffe, and Pfeiffer, 1994), and the Devereux Early Childhood Assessments (LeBuffe and Naglieri, 2003). In 1997, he published the General Ability Scale for Adults (Naglieri and Bardos, 1997), Cognitive Assessment System (Naglieri and Das, 1997), and Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test— Multilevel Form (Naglieri, 1997). He published the Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test, Second Edition (Naglieri, 2008); the Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability (Wechsler and Naglieri, 2008); and the Devereux Elementary Student Strength Assessment (LeBuffe, Shapiro, and Naglieri, 2009). Most recently, he published the Cognitive Assessment System, Second Edition (Naglieri, Das, and Goldstein, 2013); Comprehensive Executive Function Scale (Naglieri and Goldstein, 2013); and the Autism Spectrum Rating Scale (2010). For more information see: www.jacknaglieri.com. Contents Part I Introduction 1 The Evolution of Intelligence