Micología Aplicada International ISSN: 1534-2581 [email protected] Colegio de Postgraduados México Montoya Esquivel, A.; Estrada Torres, A.; Kong, A.; Juárez Sánchez, L. Commercialization of wild mushrooms during market days of Tlaxcala, Mexico Micología Aplicada International, vol. 13, núm. 1, january, 2001, pp. 31-40 Colegio de Postgraduados Puebla, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=68513104 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative COMMERCIALIZATIONMICOLOGIA OF WILD APLICADA MUSHROOMS INTERNATIONAL IN TLAXCALA, 13(1),, MEXICO 2001, pp. 31-4031 © 2001, PRINTED IN BERKELEY, CA, U.S.A. www.micaplint.com COMMERCIALIZATION OF WILD MUSHROOMS DURING MARKET DAYS OF TLAXCALA, MEXICO A. MONTOYA-ESQUIVEL, A. ESTRADA-TORRES, A. KONG AND L. JUÁREZ- SÁNCHEZ Laboratorio de Micología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Km 10.5 autopista San Martín Texmelucan-Tlaxcala, San Felipe Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted for publication October 18, 2000 ABSTRACT Three “tianguis” (popular market days) in the State of Tlaxcala were visited in order to monitor wild edible fungi being sold, their prices and seasonal availability, as well as to interview mushroom sellers. Most species reported were found in the market of Tlaxcala city, and their prices varied seasonally. Although this is a common traditional practice in central Mexico, it is interesting that no commercial or official regulations for selling wild mushrooms have been implemented. Key words: Wild edible mushrooms, ethnomycology, commercialization, Tlaxcala, Mexico. INTRODUCTION The “tianguis”. Diverse local and regional products are available in established Ethnomycological studies involving markets, whereas in the “tianguis” or market Mexican indigenous communities have days varied products available locally and been carried out in different regions, seasonally are sold at lower prices. Several dealing with magic mushrooms, traditional forest products can be found, such as wild knowledge and classification, as well as edible fungi, the “ocote” (pine timber selling practices 5, 6, 7, 12, 17, 20. There is a wide chips), wood, charcoal, medicinal plants, variety of popular markets in Mexico. In the and ornamental flowers. State of Tlaxcala, there are two main types Taking into consideration a high diversity ofM ICOLmarkets:. APL 1). I NTEstablished., 13(1), 2001, markets, PP. 31-40and 2) of wild mushrooms offered in the markets 32 A. MONTOYA-ESQUIVEL ET AL. COMMERCIALIZATION OF WILD MUSHROOMS IN TLAXCALA, MEXICO 33 from the State of Tlaxcala, their importance Dry specimens were deposited at the TLXM to the rural household economy, and the herbarium 8. lack of studies in which a record of the commercialized mushrooms is made, we RESULTS AND DISCUSSION carried out a long-term research on the traditional ethnomycological knowledge in Fifty two fungal species with their popular three popular “tianguis”. We present here names (Spanish, Nahuatl-Spanish, Nahuatl) research data for the period 1989-1991. were recorded (Table 1). Popular names referred to particular places or substrates where fungal species grow (“ocoxale”), to MATERIALS AND METHODS their colour (“amarillo”, “hongo azul”), or to their similarity with common objects “Tianguis” or market days in the State of (“sombrerito”, “campanita”, “tecajete”). Tlaxcala are carried out in specific days of The number of species appears to be the week. In Tlaxcala city, the “tianguis” higher, as several specimens of the genera occurs on Saturdays; in Huamantla city Ramaria (A. Montoya, no. 969, 993, 994), on Wednesdays; and in Apizaco city on Amanita (A. Montoya, no. 970a), Armillaria Sundays. Three markets were visited every (A. Montoya, no. 853), Psathyrella (A. eight days during rainy seasons (July- Montoya, no. 855), and Agaricus (A. September) from 1989-1991, considering Montoya, no. 851, 965) were not identified the high number of fungal species being to species due to the lack of several fruit- sold. Mushroom sellers were interviewed, body structures or mature fruit bodies. A and personal observations were taken at the total of 91 popular names (33, Nahuatl markets for obtaining direct information. origin) were recorded. Interviews (ca. 80) involved conversations The highest number of species (40) and about rural communities of origin, places common names (55) were recorded in the for gathering wild mushrooms and other market of Tlaxcala city (Table 2; Fig. 1). fungi, popular names of mushrooms, Many fungal species and their popular cooking, and seasonal information on names found in Tlaxcala city differed from mushrooms. Mushroom prices throughout those recorded in Apizaco and Huamantla the rainy season are presented at the (Fig. 2), as they were collected in different time of this publication (USD $ 1.00 = forest regions. This was, for example, the $ 9.60 Mexican pesos). Popular names, case of Amanita vaginata, A. tuza, and either Spanish or Nahuatl, were spelled Sarcodon imbricatus, as well as several according to their pronounciation, and species of Russulaceae (10 species). There for this reason they were not translated to were also several mushrooms well known English. Fungal specimens were identified by consumers, such as A. caesarea, Boletus following conventional procedures, such pinophilus, Laccaria bicolor, Hebeloma as microscopic observations (cap, gills, mesophaeum, Ramaria flavobrunnescens stipe) and the use of different reagents and Ustilago maydis, which had the same [alcohol, KOH (5-15%), Melzer’s reagent, popular name in the three markets. In other cotton blue, Congo red] 4, 7. Identification of cases, the same popular name applied to fungal species was carried out according to different fungal species, e.g. “hongo de available literature 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19. ocote” used to name either Pholiota lenta MICOL. APL. INT., 13(1), 2001, PP. 31-40 MICOL. APL. INT., 13(1), 2001, PP. 31-40 32 A. MONTOYA-ESQUIVEL ET AL. COMMERCIALIZATION OF WILD MUSHROOMS IN TLAXCALA, MEXICO 33 Table 1. Fungal species recorded in the markets Table 1 continued of Tlaxcala State, Mexico, and their popular names. (Schw.) Sing. corneta de oyamel (S) A, H trompeta (S) T Scientific name Popular name M Gymnopus dryophilus paragüitas (S) T (Bull.: Fr.) Murr. popotitos (S) T Hebeloma mesophaeum hongo de ocote (S) A, H, T Agaricus hongo de agua (S) A (Pers.: Fr.) Quél. ocoxalero (N) T campestris L.: Fr. hongo de llano (S) A, H ocoxale (N) T san juanero (S) A xolete (N) T hongo de pasto (S) T Helvella acetabula oreja de ratón (S) T Agaricus sp. paloma (S) H (L.: Fr.) Quél. soles (S) H Helvella infula Schaeff. menudo (S) H Amanita caesarea amarillo (S) A, H, T oreja de padre roja (S) H (Scop.: Fr.)Pers. ayoxochitl (N) T Helvella lacunosa Fr. oreja de padre negra (S) H huevo (S) T soldaditos (S) H iztacnanacatl (N) T tejocote (S) A Hygrophorus chrysodon niños (S) H tolte (N) A (Batsch.: Fr.) Fr. Amanita tuza Guzmán hongo blanco (S) T Hypomyces lactifluorum hongo colorado (S) T (Schw.) Tul. hongo corneta (S) T Amanita vaginata hongo blanco (S) T hongo de encino (S) A, H (Bull.: Fr.)Vitt. ilia negrito (N/S) T enchilado (S) T ojitos de venado (S) T tenaxnaca (N) T Armillaria sp. yemita (S) H Laccaria bicolor xocoyule (N) A, H, T Boletus pinophilus pante (S) A, H, T (Mre.) Pat. Pilát & Dermek Lactarius indigo añil (N) A Calvatia cyathiformis bolas, bolitas (S) A, T (Schw.) Fr. ateconza, aticonzol (N)A, T (Bosc.)Morgan burrita (S) A hongo azul (S) A, T cabeza (S) A tecax azul (N/S) A, T cabezona (S) T tecosán morado (N/S) T cefamil (N) A, H tlapaltecax (N) T pedo de coyote (S) H Lactarius salmonicolor antitecax (N) T Cantharellus tecosa, tecosita (N) H, T Heim & Leclair enchilado (S) H, T cibarius L.: Fr. Lactarius yazooensis enchilado (S) T Clavariadelphus chichis de vaca (S) * Hesl. & A.H. Sm. truncatus (Quél.)Donk mamilas (S) T Lepista nuda arrieros (S) T Clitocybe campanitas (S) T (Bull.: Fr.) Cke. matlalitos (N) T gibba (Pers.) Kumm. sombrerito (S) H Lycoperdon perlatum bola, bolita (S) A, T tecajete (N) T Pers. huevito (S) H tejamanilero (N) H pedo de coyote (S) H Cortinarius glaucopus moradito (S) H popotitos (S) T (Schaeff.: Fr.) Fr. xeloshinanacatl (N) T Lyophyllum decastes clavito (S) A, T Chroogomphus borrachito (S) A, H (Fr.) Sing. tlalixta (N) A jamaicensis tecajete (N) T xolete (N) A, T (Murr.)Miller xolete (N) H, T tzenzo (N) T Entoloma rosita (S) H Lyophyllum ovisporum hongo blanco (S) T clypeatum L.: Fr. xolete rosita (N/S) A, T Reid cuaresmeño (S) H Gomphus floccosus corneta (S) A, H matas o macetas (S) H MICOL. APL. INT., 13(1), 2001, PP. 31-40 MICOL. APL. INT., 13(1), 2001, PP. 31-40 34 A. MONTOYA-ESQUIVEL ET AL. COMMERCIALIZATION OF WILD MUSHROOMS IN TLAXCALA, MEXICO 35 Table 1 continued Table 1 continued Marasmius oreades xolete de llano (N/S) A, T Ustilago maydis cuitlacoche (N) A, H, T (Bolt.: Fr.) Fr. D.C. Corda Morchella esculenta L.: Fr. chipotle (N) H Pholiota lenta (Fr.) Sing. hongo de ocote (S) A, T M= Market. A= Apizaco. H= Huamantla. T= cuapes (N) T Tlaxcala. S= Spanish name. N= Nahuatl name. cuatetes (N) T N/S= Nahuatl-Spanish name. Pleurotus opuntiae hongo de maguey (S) H, T * Species known and consumed as a food by mushroom (Durieu & Lévillé) Sacc. pickers of the Huamantla market; however, they are Pluteus cervinus hongo de ailite (S) H not popular, and accordingly not commercialized. (Schaeff.: Fr.) Kumm. ? Popular name unknown, as mushrooms were found Psathyrella sp. ? H mixed in a pile, and lacking fruit-body structures. Ramaria escobeta amarilla (S) A, H, T flavobrunnescens (Atk.) Corner Ramaria rubripermanens escobeta morada (S) H or Hebeloma mesophaeum; and “hongo Marr.