Mission to Catch Comet ISON Andrew Cheng (JHU/APL; [email protected]) Steve Arnold (JHU/APL) Pietro Bernasconi (JHU/APL) Karl Hibbitts (JHU/APL) Eliot Young (SwRI) Tibor Kremic (GRC) Comet ISON . Comet ISON discovered September, 2012 An Oort Cloud comet believed to be making its first apparition . ISON perihelion in November, 2013 A sun-grazer which may not survive perihelion passage intact Observe the comet before perihelion . An important target of opportunity To study volatile-rich material from the epoch of planet formation To learn how comets work 26 May 2013 2 Oort Cloud Comets • Provide clues to the origins of the Solar System • Consist of pris8ne, icy material that was never heated in the inner solar system In late 2013, ISON may become the brightest Oort Cloud comet to appear in decades Comet Ikeya-Seki, sun-grazer of 1965 Comet McNaught in 2007 26 May 2013 3 Comet ISON Observability • Comet ISON is observable from the Northern Hemisphere, with solar elongaon >40°, from September 15, 2013 through Nov 12, 2013 • ISON becomes steadily brighter through this period • ISON may remain spectacularly bright aer December, 2013 Vitali Nevski and Artyom Novichonok, discoverers (space.com) 26 May 2013 4 Comet ISON Brightness . Observations are consistent with V~12 at time of BRRISON flight . Due to small solar elongation, additional observations BRRISON flight prior to flight are not expected CIOC web site, sungrazer.nrl.navy.mil 12 June 2013 BRRISON Project Review 3 5 What is BRRISON? . BRRISON = Balloon Rapid Response for the comet ISON Goal is to observe the comet ISON from a balloon platform Leverages the balloon study concepts Coordinate the science measurements with the greater scientific community, including ground and space observations 12 months from comet discovery to mission . NASA Planetary Science Division Mission NASA GRC (Program Management) JHU/APL (Gondola, IR Camera) SwRI (UVVis Imager) 5 Jun 2013 6 BRRISON Objectives . Provide high-value science from Comet ISON Measure CO2 and H2O and determine their ratio . Develop and demonstrate gondola and payload systems for a balloon-borne platform designed to achieve planetary science decadal survey objectives Payload systems: IR imaging of ISON; NUV/Vis imaging and operation of Fine Steering Mirror for obtaining sub-arcsec pointing stability Gondola systems for platform capable of lifting a >1m aperture telescope to 120,000 feet 26 May 2013 7 Launch from Fort Sumner, NM . BRRISON launch from Fort Sumner . Launch in September-October 2013 One day flight . Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility at Fort Sumner Balloon launch and recovery support Range safety Can accommodate 3 – 4 payloads . Payload recovered typically within 3 or 4 days after landing 5 Jun 2013 8 Mission Operations Timeline 22 Hours Flight Baseline 9 Decadal Survey Questions Addressed by BRRISON How does the composition of Oort Cloud comets compare to Kuiper Belt comets? What are the chemical routes leading to complex organic molecules in regions of star and planet formation? Were there systematic chemical or isotopic gradients in the early solar nebula? How did Earth get its water and other volatiles? 26 May 2013 10 BRRISON Science Objectives . Target list includes: Comets ISON and Encke Jupiter Hydrated asteroids (Themis, Elektra, Kleopatra) Multiple star systems (Castor and Mizar) Moon if flight September 26 or later . Measure terrestrial atmospheric transmission and emission (IR) and turbulence (UV/Vis). Study CO2:H2O ratios on comets ISON and Encke, constrain formation scenarios and parent populations . Study water distribution (and possibly CO2) in Jupiter's atmosphere to test exogenic source of stratospheric water on Jupiter . Study surface effective temperatures, ices: hotspots and plumes on Io, CO2 on Europa and Ganymede . Study ices, aqueous alteration, minerals containing H2O or OH on large main belt asteroids including a known binary asteroid . Image lunar swirls to look for evidence of space weathering, state and abundance of mafic minerals 26 May 2013 11 Measuring CO2 and H2O Connuum subtrac8on and rao of CO2 to H2O emissions, using eight spectral filters Comet Spectrum C/2008Q3 Garradd 26 May 2013 12 BRRISON Gondola . Azimuth and Attitude stabilized gondola with 80-cm telescope . Two instruments on separate optical benches: BRRISON IR Camera (BIRC), for imaging 2.5 µ to 5µ UVVis camera with fast steering mirror and fine guidance system Light is sent to either UVVis or BIRC (not both at once) . Payload in stow position is Payload in stow posi8on enclosed within gondola (baffle extension not shown) frame26 May 2013 13 Putting BRRISON together To Balloon Telescope Payload without viewing at 65° baffle elevaon and extension at 10° elevaon UVVIS op8cal bench BIRC op8cal bench Dewar SIP Ballast hopper BRRISON and 6’ man 26 May 2013 14 Hydrated Asteroid Diversity • Four groups of main belt asteroids dis8nguished by shape and center of 3µ feature • BRRISON will observe two objects included above: • 24 Themis Rivkin and Emery 2010 • 130 Elektra Takir and Emery 2012 26 May 2013 15 Asteroid 216 Kleopatra . Shape model from radar data . Size 217 km x 94 km x 81 km . Two small satellites known . Spectral type M or Xe JPL PIA 02454 12 June 2013 16 Water at Jupiter . Herschel HIFI and PACS observations in sub-mm and far- IR of stratospheric water in Jupiter . Hemispheric asymmetry consistent with delivery by SL-9 comet impact on Jupiter in July, 1994 Cavalie et al. 2013. A&A 553 A21 26 May 2013 17 BIRC Summary Cold/Mini-Bench Primary hex bench (composite) . BIRC is a multispectral IR imager with cryogenic HgCdTe detector . Cooled filter wheel and relay optics . Filters at 2.47 µm 2.70 µm water and con8nuum 2.85 µm Camera 3.05 µm 3.20 µm Fold 4.00 µm Mirrors CO2 and 4.27 µm con8nuum 4.60 µm Filter wheel & Enclosure R band (600 – 800 nm) . FOV 3 arcmin . 1.16 arcsec/pixel plate scale with 18 µm pixel pitch Window “2” . 12 bit images Asphere 26 May 2013 18 UVVis Overview . Science channel is a CCD camera with filter wheel Frame format 1024x1024 with optional EMCCD Plate scale 0.19 arcsec/pixel with 13 µm pixel pitch . Guide channel is a fast framing, CMOS imager sCMOS detector with image format 2560x2160 Plate scale 0.096 arcsec/pixel with 6.5 µm pixel pitch 26 May 2013 19 BIRC Integration IR Camera and Filter Wheel Relay Op8cs 26 May 2013 20 UVVis Bench Zyla Filter Guide Wheel Camera ProEM Dichroic Science Camera OAP 2S OAP 2G Fine Steering Mirror OAP 1 Fold Mirror Stratospheric Scientific Balloons . Large He-filled balloon . 150 ft to 400 ft in diameter . 12 to 60 M feet3 . Carry up to 8000 lbs of payload . Fly at 110,000 to 140,000 feet altitude 26 May 2013 22 Stratospheric Balloon Launch (above) Flight train layout before launch (below, from leH) Balloon release and ascent 26 May 2013 23 .