P a g e | 1 TITLE PAGE THE UNITED STATES LED NATO INTERVENTION AND THE LIBYAN CONFLICT BY NWOKAH, IMERE LORDMIZER PG/M.SC/12/61734 P a g e | 2 A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (MSC) IN POLITICAL SCIENCE (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS). SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR KEN IFESINACHI SEPTEMBER, 2013 APPROVAL PAGE This project report, titled The United States Led NATO Intervention and the Libyan Conflict has been approved by the Department of Political Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. P a g e | 3 -------------------------- -------------------------- PROF. KEN IFESINACHI Date (PROJECT SUPERVISOR) ---------------------------- -------------------------- PROF. JONAH ONUOHA (Ph.D.) Date (HEAD OF DEPARTMENT) -------------------------- -------------------------- PROF. C. O.T. UGWU Date(DEAN OF FACULTY) P a g e | 4 ------------------------------ -------------------------- EXTERNAL EXAMINER Date DEDICATION This work is dedicated to God Almighty; the Author and finisher of our fate. To my parents, for their love and care. P a g e | 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My profound gratitude and appreciation is to God Almighty for His strength, wisdom and the successful accomplishment of this work. My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor, Professor Ken Ifesinachi, who in spite of his crowded schedules taught me the rudiments of research, Thank you sir. Also to my lecturers Prof. Jonah P a g e | 6 Onuoha (Head of Department), Prof. Obasi Igwe, Prof Alloysius Michael Okolie, Dr Umezuruike, Prof Ezeani, to you all I say thanks. I am also grateful to my family members, especially my parents,Chief and Mrs Sam Nwokah, Dr Gladson Nwokah and family, Kenneth Nwokah, Tina Nwokah, Easter Nwokah, Emma Nwokah, Cosmos Agwor, Stephen Nwokah, Ndubusi Nwokah, Prof Geofrey O. Okogbaa, Barister Dennis Nwokah, D.C.F. Okogbaa, Hon Sam O. Agwwor and a host of othersGod bless you. Not to be forgotten are Hon. Sam Ogeh, Surveyor James Amah, Dame Edith Otonnaa, Mr. and Mrs. Quest Macaulay, Dr. Okogbaa (Mrs), Dr. L. D. Gilbert, Mr. James Okogbaa. Hon. Chidi Julius Lloyd, Hon. Lucky Worluh and others too numerous to be mentioned here. To you all, I say a big thank you for all your love and support. I am equally grateful to my beautiful Damsel, Bethel Oyeindoubra for your love and support. I can’t forget my spiritual father Pastor David Ibiyeomie, God will increase your anointing and announce you beyond boundaries.To my friends who assisted me in the course of my research, Elechi Felix Aja, Pere, Abraham, Worlu Enyia, Obinna Ofoejama, Emeka Okoye, Paul Haga, Tony Eluozo, just to mention a few. My God will repay you all. Nwokah, Imere L. Department of Political Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka September, 2013. P a g e | 7 ABSTRACT Energy security is a fundamental and global commercial priority. Moreover, as industrialization has expanded across the globe, energy has become a key good, the movement of which ties together the commercial and economic interests of a significant majority of states. Oil remains the most important source for global energy production and nearly two-thirds of that resource lies in the Middle East of which Libya is a part. Preserving the global supply of uninterrupted, affordable energy was an explicit or implicit foreign policy interest of the United States, a country with historical and presently high levels of energy consumption. The recent US supported NATO-led intervention against the regime of Muammar Gaddafi in Libya has been a considerable source of contention among many, scholars and statesmen alike in the international system, with many openly supporting military action.The application of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) to Libya has generated an unmatched spike in commentary.This study examined how the promotion and protection of oil interest implicated the United States government support for the NATO-led humanitarian intervention on the resolution of the Libyan conflict. The study is guided by three research questions: is the United States Government strategic oil interest implicated in regime change military intervention in Libya?; did the United States Government fail to exercise the R2P United Nations mandate to protect the citizens in the Libyan conflict?; did the United States Government led NATO military intervention violate the United Nations mandate on the resolution of the Libyan conflict? Using secondary sources and qualitative descriptive method in our data collection and analysis, we hypothesized that; the United States Government strategic oil interest is implicated in her regime change military intervention in Libya; the United States Government failed to exercise the R2P United Nations mandate to protect the citizens in the Libyan conflict; and the United States Government led NATO military intervention violated the United Nations mandate on the resolution of the Libyan conflict. Findings based on thepower theory also known as Political Realismrevealed thatWestern powers led by the US viewed Gaddafi as an obstacle to their imperial strategies for yet another reason: standing in the way of their age old policies of divide and rule. Also the intervention in Libya reveals general weaknesses and shortcomings in the international system of collective security, as during the intervention, the intervening forces constantly moved beyond the strict mandate they had been given by resolution 1973.Finding equally revealed that the United States capitalized on the phrase “all necessary means/forces” as an alibi to revert to regime change instead of civilian protection which was their main reason of intervening in the first instance. The study recommended among other things that,the US and the rest of the world should be careful about where and when they intervene militarily, but dictators should also be on notice as “all necessary measures” in a United Nations Security Council resolution likely means military intervention and regime change. Also The United Nations should equally rise up to the challenges of international security so as not to give room for some Western countries who hide under the pretext of implementing UN resolutions, to pursue their private and most times selfish economic and political interests P a g e | 8 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Logical Data Framework - - - - - - - 54 Table 4.1 U.S. Foreign Assistance to Libya - - - - - 70 Table 6.1 Forces committed - - - - - - - 121 Table 6.2 Civilian losses - - - - - - - - 123 Table 6.3 Military losses on the coalition side - - - - - 124 Table 6.4 Funds spent by Foreign Powers on War in Libya - - - 124 Table 6.5 Macroeconomic Indicators of Libya - - - - - 126 P a g e | 9 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1 U.S. Demand for Petroleum, by Sector - - - - 60 Figure 4.2 African Proven Oil Reserve Holders, 2011 - - - - 62 Figure 5.1 Libya Oil Concessions - - - - - - 111 Figure 6.1 NATO Command Structure 2010 - - - - - 118 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS P a g e | 10 ACLANT Allied Command Atlantic AFRICOM U.S. Africa Command AGOCO Arabian Gulf Oil Company AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome AL Arab League AU African Union CIA Central Intelligence Agency CNPC China National Petroleum Corp COMESA ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EIA Energy Information Administration EPSA Exploration and Production SharingAgreements EU European Union FY Financial Year GCC Gulf Cooperation Council HIV Human Immuno Virus HQ Headquarters ICC International Criminal Court ICISS International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty IMET International Military Education and Training IOCs International Oil Companies IS International Staff KLA Kosovo Liberation Army NAM Non-Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO Non-Governmental Organizations NOC National Oil Corporation NTC National Transitional Council P a g e | 11 OIC Organization of Islamic Countries PNAC Project of the New American Century R2P Responsibility to Protect SADC South African Development Commission SCCRC Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission UDEAC UK United Kingdom UNAMID United Nations / African Union Peacekeeping Mission in Darfur UNDP United Nations Development Program UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNMIS United Nations Peace Mission in Sudan UNSC United Nations Security Council UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution UPM Union for the Mediterranean WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction P a g e | 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page - - - - - - - - - - i Approval Page - - - - - - - - - ii Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iii Acknowledgment - - - - - - - - - iv Abstract - - - - - - - - - - v List of Tables - - - - - - - - - - vi List of Abbreviations - - - - - - - - - viii Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - - - 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - - 5 1.3 Objectives of the Study - - - - - - - 9 1.4 Significance of the Study - - - - - - - 9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Literature Review - - - - - - - - 11 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Theoretical Framework - - - - - - - 37 3.2 Hypotheses - - - - - - - - - 46 3.3 Research Design - - - - - - - - 46 3.4 Methods of Data Collection - - - - - - - 50 3.5 Methods of Data Analysis - - - - - - - 52 CHAPTER FOUR: The United States Government Strategic Oil Interest and Her Regime Change Military Intervention in Libya 4.1 The United States Government and the Politics of Oil - - - 57 4.2 The United States Government Strategic Oil Interest in the Middle East - 62 4.3 US and Libya Relations: