This item is held in Loughborough University’s Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) and was harvested from the British Library’s EThOS service (http://www.ethos.bl.uk/). It is made available under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ The Governance of Professional Baseball in Taiwan by Ping-Chao Lee A doctoral thesis submitted in particil fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University March 2005 @ by Ping-Chao Lee Abstract This thesis reviews the system of governanceof professional baseball in Taiwan, which has developed since its inception in 1990. The analysis undertaken reviews three case studies of major events in the baseball world in Taiwan to provide an insight into the principal interests and forces in the governance system. In theoretical terms the study employs and evaluates classical theories of the state, strategic relations theory and governance theory to describe, evaluate and explain the processesevident in the three cases.The study concludes that the governance system is characterised by a tension between mechanisms of 'modem' liberal politics, and 'traditional' forms of political clientelism. Key words: sport, baseball, governance,theories of the state, strategic relations theory, Taiwan, political clientelism Acknowledgments When it comes to finding some words to acknowledge people who have contributed to this thesis, there would seem to be too many to mention in short sentences. Nevertheless, I still have to attempt this task to expressmy gratitude to them. My supervisor, Professor Ian Henry, who is a knowledgeable, friendly, and humorous gentleman, has made this PhD journey positive and joyful. I am grateful and fortunate to have been his student and would like to expressmy biggest debt to him. Thanks then go to the colleagues in the ISLP. Professor Barry Houlihan, my Director of Research,often provided professional and personal encouragement.Colleagues, based in the Ann Packer Building as well as the 'Hut', have enriched both my knowledge and daily life. I would like to express thanks to them for their constant support during this period. I wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Ministry of Education of Taiwan, and Taipei Representative Office in the UK. I also wish to thank all those people interviewed, who were kind enough to agreeto be involved in my study. Over the years teachers in Taiwan such as Professors Shun-An Lin, and Yung-Hsueh Lin at National Taichung Teachers College; Chih-Fu Cheng, I-Hsiung Hsu, and Chih-Man Chang, Je-Fu Chen at National Taiwan Normal University have always provided encouragement. Friends such as Kuang-Piao, Tun-Chi, Chiao-Lin, Tseng-Peng, Chong-Ming, Yong-Chang, Yen-Hsin, and the 'Taiwanese Lboro Sport Faction', which includes Chun-Yu, Chien-Yu, Ching-Lin, Tsai Li, Tzu-Lien, Ming-Hung, Tien-Chin, Wei-Ti, Yi-Wen, Chun-Min, Hung-Yu, Li-Ching, have made the PhD study more joyful. These people, and many more, have offered their help throughout and I would like to say many thanks to them as well. Finally, I wish to express gratefulness to my whole family. The constant love and encouragement from both my parents and parents in law have kept going on this researchjourney. I think I was able to concentrate on my study largely because my brothers and sisters have sharedour family duties. I will forever owe a big debt to them. Then finally I come to my wife, Shu-Erh, and my son, Shiau-Jin. To be frank, it has been Shu-Erh's great support, and sacrifices, which have contributed to the completion of this degree. Without her dedication, the PhD dream would never have come true. Having the joy of watching my son growing up over this time has also greatly satisfied and motivated me in many ways. I believe the experience of studying abroad will remain a wonderful memory during our life journey. ii Table of Contents Section Title Page Abstract i Acknowledgments H Table of Contents iii List of Figures Vi List of Tables Vii List of Abbreviations Viii Chapter I Introduction I 1.1 The ResearchQuestions and the ResearchApproach 1 1.2 The Structure of the Thesis 6 Chapter 2 The Theoretical Context 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Theories of the State 11 2.3 Globalisation Theory 33 2.4 Strategic Relations Approach 48 2.5 GovernanceTheory 54 2.6 Conclusion: The Relationship between GovernanceTheory, 60 Globalisation Theory and Macro-Theoretical Accounts of the State Chapter 3 Methodology 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Ontological and Epistemological Assumptions 64 3.3 Adequacy of Theory 68 3.4 Appropriateness of Method and Reliability of Data 71 3.5 The Selection of the Three Cases 75 3.6 Data Collection: Documentary Selection, Interviewee Selection 76 3.7 Data Analysis 83 III 3.8 Computer Assisted Analysis with NUD*IST 88 3.9 Conclusion 90 Chapter 4 The Social and Political Context, and the Development of Sport, 92 in Taiwan 4.1 Introduction 92 4.2 The Political Development of Taiwan 93 4.3 The Economic Development of Taiwan 103 4.4 The Social Development of Taiwan 108 4.5 The Development of Sport and Baseball in Taiwan 115 4.6 Conclusion 139 Chapter 5 The Case of the Gambling Scandal and Criminal Activity 142 in 1997 5.1 Introduction 142 5.2 Professional Baseball and Illegal Gambling: the Casesof the USA, 144 Japan, and Taiwan 5.3 Local Dynamics of the Gambling Crisis: Taiwan Case 151 5.4 Effects of the Gambling Crisis 165 5.5 Conclusion 177 Chapter 6 The Case of the 34th Baseball World Cup in Taiwan in 2001 179 6.1 Introduction 179 6.2 Bidding for the 2001 Baseball World Cup in Taiwan 180 6.3 Local Dynamics of Hosting City in the 2001 Baseball World Cup 187 6.4 Effects of the 2001 Baseball World Cup 197 6.5 Conclusion 208 Chapter 7 The Case of the Merger of the Two Professional Baseball Leagues 211 in Taiwan in 2003 7.1 Introduction 211 7.2 The Emergence of the Merger as an Issue, 2001-2003 212 iv 7.3 Local Dynamics of the Merger of Two Professional Baseball Leagues 218 in 2003 7.4 Effects of the Merger in 2003 235 7.5 Conclusion 254 Chapter 8 Conclusions 257 8.1 Introduction 257 8.2 ResearchAims 257 8.3 Theoretical Context 258 8.4 The Strategic Context of the Governance of Baseball in Taiwan 261 8.5 Theoretical Implications of the Three Case Studies: The Governance 263 System 8.6 Conclusion 267 References 269 V List of Figures Figure Title Page 1.1 Conceptual Schemafor the Investigation of the Governance of Professional 5 Baseball in Taiwan 5.1 Proposed Budget for Development of Professional Sports 159 5.2 Systemic Governance Issues in Relation to the Gambling Scandal of 164 Professional Baseball in Taiwan -A Web of Interaction between Stakeholders 6.1 The Total Attendance of CPBL and TML 181 6.2 Systemic Governance Issues in Relation to the Staging of the 2001 Baseball 196 World Cup in Taiwan -A Web of Interaction between Stakeholders 7.1 Systemic Governance Issues in Relation to the Merger of Professional 254 Baseball in Taiwan -A Web of Interaction between Stakeholders 8.1 The Framework of the Interrelations of Macro, Meso, and Micro Levels in 259 Sports [Baseball] Policy in Taiwan vi List of Tables Table Title Page 3.1 ResearchStrategy and Methods 64 3.2 Three Approaches to Analysis of Professionalisation of Sport 66 in Taiwan 3.3 The Key Sourcesof Government Documents Reviewed 77 (excluding Parliamentary Debates) 3.4 Time Table for the Interviews of the Research 82 4.1 The Chronological Development of the State, Sport and 138 Baseball in Taiwan since 1895 5.1 Key Events in the Development of Gambling Scandal of the 150 TaiwaneseProfessional Baseball System 5.2 Casesof Convicting Gambling and Criminal Violence in 155 Professional Baseball 6.1 Baseball World Cup, IBAF 1938-2003 186 6.2 Programme of Developing Baseball in ROC (2001-2004) 188 6.3 Actions/Tactics, Benefits and Disbenefits of Stakeholders 210 in the 2001 Baseball World Cup 7.1 Attendances of the CPBL Championship Series 1996-2003 213 7.2 Key Issues in the Development of Merger of the Taiwanese 218 Professional Baseball System 7.3 Location and Allocation of Governments' Sports Budget on 245 Baseball Stadia since 2003 7.4 Actions/Tactics, Benefits and Disbenefits of Key Stakeholders 256 in the 2003 Merger vii List of Abbreviations ARATS Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits BWC Baseball World Cup CPBL Chinese Professional Baseball League CTBA Chinese Taipei Baseball Association DGBAS Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics DPP Democratic Progressive Party DPE Department of Physical Education EU European Union 10C International Olympic Committee IBAF International Baseball Federation KMT Kuomintang, Nationalists MAC Mainland Affairs Council MLB Major League Baseball MOE Ministry of Education NCPFS National Council on Physical Fitness and Sport NGBs National Governing Bodies of Sport NUD*IST Non-numerical Unstructured Data Indexing, Searching and Theorising PRC People's Republic of China PFP People First Party ROC Republic of China ROCFS Republic of China Sports Federation SEF Straits Exchange Foundation TML Taiwan Major League TSU Taiwan Solidarity Union UN United Nations WTO World Trade Organisation Vill Chapter I Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Research Questions and the Research Approach Baseball was the first modem sport to be introduced into Taiwan and has remained the most popular sport on the island since its introduction during the Japaneseoccupation from 1895 (Lin, 2003).