States of Discipline 16_892_Tansel.indb 1 1/25/17 8:04 AM Transforming Capitalism Series Editors: Ian Bruff, University of Manchester; Julie Cupples, University of Edinburgh; Gemma Edwards, University of Manchester; Laura Horn, University of Roskilde; Simon Springer, University of Victoria; Jacqui True, Monash University This book series provides an open platform for the publication of path-breaking and in- terdisciplinary scholarship which seeks to understand and critique capitalism along four key lines: crisis, development, inequality, and resistance. At its core lies the assumption that the world is in various states of transformation, and that these transformations may build upon earlier paths of change and conflict while also potentially producing new forms of crisis, development, inequality, and resistance. Through this approach the series alerts us to how capitalism is always evolving and hints at how we could also transform capitalism itself through our own actions. It is rooted in the vibrant, broad and pluralistic debates spanning a range of approaches which are being practised in a number of fields and disciplines. As such, it will appeal to sociology, geography, cultural studies, interna- tional studies, development, social theory, politics, labour and welfare studies, economics, anthropology, law, and more. Titles in the Series The Radicalization of Pedagogy: Anarchism, Geography, and the Spirit of Revolt, edited by Simon Springer, Marcelo de Souza and Richard J. White Theories of Resistance: Anarchism, Geography, and the Spirit of Revolt edited by Marcelo Lopes de Souza, Richard J. White and Simon Springer The Practice of Freedom: Anarchism, Geography, and the Spirit of Revolt, edited by Richard J. White, Simon Springer and Marcelo Lopes de Souza States of Discipline: Authoritarian Neoliberalism and the Contested Reproduction of Capitalist Order, edited by Cemal Burak Tansel (Re)producing the Multiple Crises: Theorizing the Imperial Mode of Living, Ulrich Brand and Markus Wissen (forthcoming) A Sense of Inequality, Wendy Bottero (forthcoming) Workers Movements and Strikes: Global Perspectives in the 21st Century, edited by Jörg Nowak, Madhumita Dutta and Peter Birke 16_892_Tansel.indb 2 1/25/17 8:04 AM States of Discipline Authoritarian Neoliberalism and the Contested Reproduction of Capitalist Order Edited by Cemal Burak Tansel London • New York 16_892_Tansel.indb 3 1/25/17 8:04 AM Published by Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB www.rowmaninternational.com Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd. is an affiliate of Rowman & Littlefield 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706, USA With additional offices in Boulder, New York, Toronto (Canada), and Plymouth (UK) www.rowman.com Selection and editorial matter © 2017 Cemal Burak Tansel Copyright in individual chapters is held by the respective chapter authors. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: HB 978-1-7834-8618-2 PB 978-1-7834-8619-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 978-1-78348-618-2 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-78348-619-9 (pbk: alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-78348-620-5 (electronic) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America 16_892_Tansel.indb 4 1/25/17 8:04 AM Contents Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations ix 1 Authoritarian Neoliberalism: Towards a New Research Agenda 1 Cemal Burak Tansel 2 Authoritarian Neoliberalism and the Disciplining of Labour 29 Mònica Clua-Losada and Olatz Ribera-Almandoz 3 Commodified Pacification: Police, Commercial Security and the State 47 Kendra Briken and Volker Eick 4 Bodies in Resistance: Conversations on Gender, Body Politics and Authoritarian Neoliberalism 67 Wendy Harcourt 5 The Right to Starve: Hunger, Discipline and Labour Market Restructuring under Authoritarian Neoliberalism 87 Sébastien Rioux 6 Urban Transformation under Authoritarian Neoliberalism 107 Annalena Di Giovanni 7 From Mare Nostrum to Triton: Humanitarian Emergencies and Neoliberal Migration Management in the Mediterranean 129 Luca Manunza v 16_892_Tansel.indb 5 1/25/17 8:04 AM vi Contents 8 Cease to Exist? The European ‘Social’ Model and the Hardening of ‘Soft’ EU Law 149 Ian Bruff 9 The Authoritarian and Disciplinary Mechanism of Reduced Sovereignty in the EU: The Case of Greece 171 Panagiotis Sotiris 10 Antinomies of Authoritarian Neoliberalism in Turkey: The Justice and Development Party Era 189 Barış Alp Özden, İsmet Akça and Ahmet Bekmen 11 Resistance and Passive Revolution in Egypt and Morocco 211 Brecht De Smet and Koenraad Bogaert 12 Klepto-Neoliberalism: Authoritarianism and Patronage in Cambodia 235 Simon Springer 13 Variegated Neoliberalization as a Function and Outcome of Neo-authoritarianism in China 255 Kean Fan Lim Postscript 275 Cynthia Enloe Index 279 Notes on Contributors 285 16_892_Tansel.indb 6 1/25/17 8:04 AM Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Transforming Capitalism series editors Ian Bruff, Julie Cupples, Gemma Edwards, Laura Horn, Simon Springer and Jacqui True for the extremely helpful editorial input they provided throughout the preparation of this volume. At Rowman & Littlefield International, Dhara Patel, Anna Reeve and Michael Watson showed great care and patience in managing the book. I am grateful to Chun-yi Lee, Adam David Morton and my colleagues in the Department of Politics at the University of Sheffield for their feedback, support and involvement at various stages of this project. Finally, I would like to thank the contributors for their generous contributions and unwavering commitment to the book. —Cemal Burak Tansel, Sheffield vii 16_892_Tansel.indb 7 1/25/17 8:04 AM 16_892_Tansel.indb 8 1/25/17 8:04 AM Abbreviations AFDC Aid to Families with Dependent Children AKP Justice and Development Party (Turkey) AMDH Moroccan Association of Human Rights ANAP Motherland Party (Turkey) ANCI National Association of Italian Municipalities ANDCM Moroccan National Association of Unemployed Graduates AST Alternativa Sindical de Trabajadores CARA Hosting Centre for Asylum Seekers CBPP Center on Budget and Policy Priorities CGT Confederación General del Trabajo CIRI Civic Innovation Research Initiative CNPA Cambodian National Petroleum Authority CoBas Sindicato de Comisiones de Base COESS Confederation of European Security Services CPC Communist Party of China CPP Cambodian People’s Party CPPCC Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference CRI Italian Red Cross CTNE Spanish National Telephone Company CUP Candidatura d’Unitat Popular (Popular Unity Candidacy) ECB European Central Bank ECOC European Capital of Culture Initiative EES European Employment Strategy EMU Economic and Monetary Union ENA Emergency North Africa EPI Economic Policy Institute ERC Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (Republican Left of Catalonia) ix 16_892_Tansel.indb 9 1/25/17 8:04 AM x Abbreviations ERE Expedientes de Regulación de Empleo (Labour Force Ad- justment Plans) ERSAP Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Program ERT European Round Table of Industrialists ESM European Social Model EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product HDP Peoples’ Democratic Party (Turkey) IACP International Association of Chiefs of Police IFI International Financial Institution IMF International Monetary Fund INDH National Initiative for Human Development IRP Institute for Research on Poverty ISI Import Substitution Industrialization KBE Knowledge-based Economy MENA Middle East and North Africa MÜSİAD Independent Industrialists’ and Businessmen’s Association NDP National Democratic Party (Egypt) NGO Non-governmental Organization NPC National People’s Congress (China) NPM New Police Management OMC Open Method of Coordination OPCM Presidency of the Council of Ministers in Italy PCI Italian Civil Protection PJD Party for Justice and Development (Morocco) PKK Kurdistan Workers’ Party PMSC Private Military Security Company POLISARIO Popular Front for the Liberation of the Sahara and the Rio de Oro PP People’s Party (Spain) PRWORA Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconcili- ation Act PSOE Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party PYD Democratic Union Party (Syria) RGC Royal Government of Cambodia SEZ Special Economic Zone SME Small or Medium-Sized Enterprise SNAP Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program SOE State-Owned Enterprise SPRAR Protection System for Asylum Seekers and Refugees SRI Sexuality Research Initiative SSI Supplemental Security Income 16_892_Tansel.indb 10 1/25/17 8:04 AM Abbreviations xi TANF Temporary Assistance for Needy Families TFP Thrifty Food Plan TNC Transnational Corporation TOKİ Turkish Mass Housing Development Administration TUSKON Turkish Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists TÜSİAD Turkish Industry and Business Association TVE Town-Village Enterprise UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UPI Union of Italian Regions USDA US Department of Agriculture USDHHS US Department of Health and Human