Timeline / 1860 to 1900 / CITIES AND URBAN SPACES Date Country Theme 1860 - 1900 Tunisia Cities And Urban Spaces Following development of the Port of La Goulette, new districts relating to trade and industrial activities are born. The neighbourhood is given the name of “Little Sicily”, which is suggestive of its role as host to a poor immigrant population mainly from southern Italy. 1860 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces The unification of Italy leads to urban expansion outside the old city walls, which have lost their defensive value. Medieval urban buildings are often demolished in order to build monumental architecture. 1863 Egypt Cities And Urban Spaces On 18 October, under the rule of Khedive Isma‘il, the Egyptian Museum opens in the Caireen district of Bulaq under the management of French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette, known as Mariette Pasha. 1863 - 1889 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces Construction of the 167.5 m high Mole Antonelliana in Turin, initially conceived as a synagogue. It soon becomes the city’s landmark building. 1864 Turkey Cities And Urban Spaces Imperial decree orders that all civil servants have to light one or two street gas lamps in front of their houses both in summer and winter. 1864 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces 14 April: the Commune Law is adopted by which cities and towns become urban communes, led by a mayor and a council. All urban communes must have a fire department and a hospital. 1864 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces 19 August: establishment of Bucharest’s city hall. Bucharest had been the United Principalities’ capital since 1861. 1865 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces 1 May: Santa Apolónia Central Railway Station of Lisbon, connecting to the East and North Railways, is inaugurated. It is sited in the north bank of the Tagus River, close to Praça do Comércio in Lisbon. It is an example of 19th-century iron buildings. 1865 Lebanon Cities And Urban Spaces Date Country Theme Sultan ‘Abd al-‘Aziz orders the building of a hospital known as the military infirmary. It will later be turned into a courthouse after the French Mandate and then become the Insitute of Fine Arts of the Lebanese University. 1868 - 1874 Egypt Cities And Urban Spaces Construction of the Abdeen Palace in Cairo begins in 1868 and inauguration takes place some six years later. 1868 - 1886 Germany Cities And Urban Spaces Ludwig II (r. 1864–86) had several palaces built during his reign. The most famous among these are Neuschwanenstein (1868–92, still in construction when Ludwig died), Neues Schloss Herrenchiemsee (1878–86, built along the lines of Versailles, but never completed), and Linderhof (1869–85), the only palace the king lived to see completed. 1869 Austria Cities And Urban Spaces Opening of the new State Opera House in Vienna. 1869 Egypt Cities And Urban Spaces The Opera House is inaugurated in November 1869 with Verdi’s Opera Rigoletto. In attendance, seated in the Royal loge, are Khedive Isma‘il Pasha, Empress Eugénie and her husband Napoleon III, and François Joseph I of Austria. 1869 Egypt Cities And Urban Spaces Khedive Isma‘il commissions a French company to construct the first bridge across the River Nile in Cairo, the Qasr al-Nil Bridge. 1870 France Cities And Urban Spaces From 1870, the suburbs appear around major French cities such as Paris, Lyon, Bordeaux and Marseille. 1870 Turkey Cities And Urban Spaces Fire in Beyo#lu (#stanbul) destroys about 3,000 houses; 80 people are killed. After that incident using brick and stone to build houses becomes obligatory. 1870 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces Renewal and urban modernisation of Rome starts with the opening of a long road linking Porta Pia (where the Italian army broke into the city in 1870) to the Quirinale Palace, residence of the King (formerly a papal palace). The headquarters of some ministries are located along this road. 1871 - 1896 Spain Cities And Urban Spaces Date Country Theme By the end of the 19th century tram lines have increased in cities. Madrid has horse-drawn trams from 1871 and Barcelona from 1872 but the first city with an electric tram is Bilbao in 1896, followed by Cartagena. 1871 Germany Cities And Urban Spaces Berlin becomes the imperial capital. 1871 - 1877 Egypt Cities And Urban Spaces Jezira Bridge is constructed in 1871 and opens to traffic in 1877. The intention is to link the districts of Dokki and Bulaq al-Dakrur with Zamalek. Construction requires redirection of the Nile bed. 1872 - 1874 Tunisia Cities And Urban Spaces The city of Tunis benefits from the first installation of public street lighting. An English company builds a gasometer and installs the pipelines necessary to supply gas for street lighting of the city’s main arteries. 1873 Austria Cities And Urban Spaces Construction of a new water-supply pipeline from the Alps to Vienna. 1874 Turkey Cities And Urban Spaces Construction of the residential blocks of Akaretler (Istanbul) by the architect Agob Balian. They are built for the elite staff of the nearby Dolmabahçe Palace. Late 19th century Greece Cities And Urban Spaces Construction of the Greek Orthodox Church of Evangelismos in Br#ila, Romania. 1875 Lebanon Cities And Urban Spaces Maronite clergy move their school from Ghazir to Beirut. Granted the title of university by the authorities, which allows it to grant academic degrees, mainly doctoral degrees in philosophy and theology, the school takes the name of Saint Joseph’s University. Faculties and institutes are founded in subsequent years. Late 19th century Greece Cities And Urban Spaces Mavrokordatos Mansion is built in the Kipseli neighbourhood in Athens for the well- known political family of that name. 1876 - 1881 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces The "Urban General Improvements Plan for Lisbon" (Commission of 1876–81) designs wide, straight roads – modern boulevards – to define orthogonal blocks for buildings, with roundabouts, pavements, vegetation and street furniture namely at Avenida 24 de Julho, Avenida da Liberdade and covering the area from Picoas to Campo Grande. Date Country Theme 1876 Turkey Cities And Urban Spaces The construction of Dolmabahçe Mosque by Agob Balian. 1876 Lebanon Cities And Urban Spaces By 1876 Beirut has increased 10–12 times its size in 1841. Eleven districts are added and Danish acting Consul Julius Loyvted draws the new map and presents it to Sultan ‘Abd al-Hamid II. Banks, quarantine office, quays, railway office, telegraph, post office, police stations and offices for foreign agencies are all established in the existing city centre. 1877 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces Ponte Dona Maria Pia, a bridge over the Douro River, completes the Lisbon–Porto railway line. Designed by Gustave Eiffel and Théophile Seyrig, the bridge keeps the beauty of the Douro unchanged. It was built where the banks are closer. It was named after the Queen. 1878 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces 28 September: The first electric lighting on the terrace of the Citadel of Cascais to celebrate the 15th birthday of future King Carlos I (ruling from 1889). A ball commemorates the electric lighting premiere. The daily press celebrate the occasion, saying that the electric light turned the entrance and the royal residence balconies into “a clear and luminous day’’. 1878 - 1881 Greece Cities And Urban Spaces The Iliou Melathron is designed by architect Ernst Ziller as the residence of the archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann and his family. 1878 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces Opening of Lisbon Botanical Garden. During the 19th century Portugal aspires to reach the level of economic and social “progress” of other European countries in, for example, education and teaching. Natural History Museum and the Lisbon Botanical Garden were important institutions for scientific research and the exchange and circulation of ideas and natural knowledge. 1880 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces 3 October: Barbadinhos steam pumping station is inaugurated. The water from the Alviela Canal starts to be pumped thus increasing the water supply to Lisbon. 1881 Austria Cities And Urban Spaces Designs for a telephone network in Vienna. 1882 - 1888 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces Swiss engineers Carl Culmann and Arnold Burkly-Ziegler are contracted to develop a water supply network for Bucharest. Date Country Theme 1882 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces In Bucharest the first electric generators are installed and used to illuminate some important buildings of the city (the Royal Palace, the Cotroceni Palace, the National Theatre), Victory Avenue and Ci#migiu Park. 1882 Spain Cities And Urban Spaces Madrid has two "extensions": the first had been designed by the Marquis of Salamanca in 1860; the second, in 1882, is a modern design by Arturo Soria known as “Ciudad Lineal” (linear city), a plan for an elongated urban formation. The city will consist of a series of functionally specialised parallel sectors. 1882 - 1884 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces On the occasion of the 1884 General Exhibition of Turin, construction of the Rocca (castle) and the Borgo Medievale (medieval village) in Parco del Valentino (Valentino Park) in order to promote appreciation for 15th-century Piedmont architecture. In 1884, the Municipality of Turin buys part of this area, where it will later locate the Civic Museums. 1883 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces A credit-fuelled “construction fever” explodes in Rome and in the other urban centres. 1884 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces 12 October: Timi#oara is the first European city where electric street lighting is introduced not only on some streets, but also across the entire city. An electric plant is built and 731 incandescent lamps with coal filament installed, covering an area of 10 km2. 1885 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces After the 1884–85 cholera epidemic hits Naples (the fourth cholera epidemic hitting the city since 1835), the government starts a redevelopment plan to clear Naples of slums and improve its sewerage and water systems.