Kawaiisu Basketry MAURICE L. ZIGMOND HERE are a number of fine basket Adam Steiner (died 1916), assembled at least 1 makers in Kern County, Califomia," 500 baskets from the West, and primarily from wrote George Wharton James (1903:247), "No Cahfornia, but labelled all those from Kern attempt, as far as I know, has yet been made to County simply "Kem County." They may weU study these people to get at definite knowledge have originated among the Yokuts, Tubatula­ as to their tribal relationships. The baskets bal, Kitanemuk, or Kawaiisu. Possibly the they make are of the Yokut type, and I doubt most complete collection of Kawahsu ware is whether there is any real difference in their to be found in the Lowie Museum of Anthro­ manufacture, materials or designs." The hobby pology at the University of Califomia, Berke­ of basket collecting had reached its heyday ley. Here the specimens are duly labelled and during the decades around the turn of the numbered. Edwin L. McLeod (died 1908) was century. The hobbyists were scattered over the responsible for acquiring this collection. country, and there were dealers who issued McLeod was eclectic in his tastes and, unhke catalogues advertising their wares. A Basket Steiner, did not hmit his acquisitions to items Fraternity was organized by George Wharton having esthetic appeal. James (1903:247) James who, for a one dollar annual fee, sent observed: out quarterly bulletins.^ Undoubtedly the best collection of Kern While some Indian tribes were widely County baskets now in existence is that of known for their distinctive basketry, the deal­ Mr. E. L. McLeod of Bakersfield, Cal ers and collectors were not always concerned Living in close contact with the Kern about identifying the sources of their treasures. County Indians, he has had unusual Thus James, quoted above, is aware of the opportunities for selection and choice, and presence of "fine basket makers in Kern the result is a collection that is at once the County," but knows nothing of their tribal delight, envy and despair of aU who see it. affiliation. He never refers to the Kawaiisu by To merely catalogue his baskets would be any name' although he knows of the existence to fill up many pages of this work. of Indians on and around "Paiuti" (Piute) McLeod left his baskets to his sister, Mrs. Mountain at the heart of the Kawaiisu area. As George H. (Jessie) Taylor, but later they were will be seen below, he describes "one of the purchased and donated by Mrs. Phoebe most interesting baskets I have ever seen," Apperson Hearst to the University of Cah­ owned by an aged woman "on Paiuti Moun­ fornia. Additional specimens were brought to tain, Kern Co." the university by anthropologists who visited Today it is quite clear that there are more the Kawaiisu for short periods to obtain Kawaiisu baskets than can be identified with ethnographical data: E. W. Gifford (acquisi­ certainty. Thus one avid collector, Gottlieb tions in 1915), T.D. McCown (in 1929), Harold 199 200 THE JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA ANTHROPOLOGY Driver (in 1935), and S. C. Cappannari (in 1947). Some Kawaiisu ware is to be found in other museums and private collections. Ardis M. Walker, poet and conservationist, writes appreciatively of Refugia Williams, Kawaiisu basket weaver, in his book. The Rough and the Righteous of the Kern River Diggins (1911:%). He reminisces: "If I cared to, she suggested I might purchase some of her baskets. That is how I came to own some of the most beautiful Indian baskets in my collection." A local Kern County merchant, now retired, accepted bas­ kets from the Indians in exchange for needed commodities. Andy Greene, one of the few Fig. 1. Twined burden basket. Cat. No. 1-28015. All Indians remaining in the traditional territory, catalogue numbers are those of the Lowie has some baskets with which he demonstrates Museum of Anthropology, University of Califor­ basket-making in schools. nia, Berkeley. As already implied, Kawaiisu containers generally bear a close resemblance to those of neighboring peoples. Usage governs weave and style, and the traditional correlation is adhered to almost without exception. Thus "work" vessels including carrying and burden baskets of all sizes, winnowers, seedbeaters, and water- bottles are invariably twined. Trays, hats (for women only), baskets with designed necks, and decorative, non-utilitarian ware of a variety of shapes are always coiled. However, the coiled tray may be deemed a "work" item since it is employed in sifting meal. Hoppers, used in Fig. 2. Detail of rim of twined burden basket shown in Fig. 1. connection with mortars during the pounding process, are coiled but apparently the usual willow strands constitute the warps; the wefts custom is to cut the bottom out of an old require split strands. For the rims of most basket rather than weave a new one. There are, twined baskets, unspht withes of wiUow, oak moreover, a few oddities, but these will be or rosebush are equaUy suitable. Heavy duty considered later. containers (Fig. 1) usually have a double rim The common material for both coiled and (Fig. 2), but whether single or double the rim is twined weave is wiUow (Salix spp.). Of the four attached to the top row of twining with a species identified, the Arroyo Willow (5. lasio- coUing stitch. For coiled ware, the foundation lepis Benth.) is the most highly regarded, but is invariably of Deergrass (Muhlenbergia Red WiUow (S. laevigata Bebb) and Sandbar rigens [Benth.] Hitchc.) (Fig. 3) and is there­ WUlow (S. hindsiana Benth.) are acceptable. fore always of the type called "multiple rod." Goodding's Black Willow (5". gooddingii Ball) The weft material is preponderantly split wil­ is rejected for basketry because its stems low strands with the intmsion of the spht "break easily." In twined weaving, unsplit strands of other materials to achieve color KAWAIISU BASKETRY 201 Apparently decoration of twined ware is most often hmited to occasional variation in stitching. Wefts may pass over more than one warp, and a diagonal effect may result. Water- bottles often have a change of weave around the shoulder of the container. Obviously the weave may be tight or loose depending upon the purpose of the container. A waterbottle must be tightly woven and, in addition, render­ ed waterproof by the application of pinyon pitch. Other ware such as winnowers (Fig. 4) and seedbeaters (Fig. 5) have larger interstices. One specimen in the Lowie Museum collec­ Fig. 3. Incomplete coiled basket which should have been tions, a burden basket (Cat. No. 1-19701), has fmished with a neck. Inside the top edge of the two simple linear bands on the upper portion basket may be seen a few stems of Deergrass. Additional stems of the grass would have been executed as weft strands of the reddish-brown added to continue the "multiple rod bundle" until rootstock of the Joshua Tree (Yucca brevifolia the vessel had been completed. Cat. No. 1-28025. Engelm.). In contrast, coiled vessels allow for a variety of colored patterns, none of which involves the use of paints or dyes.* The color and design are derived from natural materials obtained locaUy. A red-brown material comes from the core of the rootstock of the Joshua Tree. The rootstock core of Our Lord's Candle (Yucca whipplei Torr.) yields a bright orange. The stems of the Squawbush (Rhus trilobata Nutt.) apparently supply strands of Fig. 4. Twined winnowing tray, Cat. No. 1-19703. patterns (see below). According to Lawrence Dawson (personal communication), the "direc­ tion of Kawaiisu coiling is invariably right- ward with respect to the weaver . ." The foundation starts with a stem or two, but quickly builds up to a smaU bundle which remains uniform until the coihng tapers off at the top of the basket. Fig. 5. Twined seedbeaters, Cat. Nos. 1-19708, 1-39369. 202 THE JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA ANTHROPOLOGY Fig. 6. Kawaiisu baskets. Left to right: small coiled basket, Cat. No. 1-20937; small open twined basket of sedge or marsh grass. Cat. No. 1-28029; small coiled basket showing "interrupted" stitching of warps characteristic of some Kawaiisu specimens, Cat. No. 1-20941. pale brown, but it is not certain that any (Cercis occidentalis Torr.) to give a red color is specimens containing this element were seen. problematical since the only evidence is a The availability of the plant is said to be limited basket from the McLeod collection in the and the stems are judged "too short" for wide Lowie Museum described by McCown. Daw­ usage. Black was formerly provided by the son (personal communication) questions the stipe or rootstock of the Bracken Fern provenience of this item and thinks "it reason­ (Pteridium aquilinum [L.] Kuhn var. pube- able to suppose" that it was made not by the scens Underw.), but, within the memory of Kawaiisu but by the neighboring Tubatulabal aged consultants, this source was replaced by (see below). Redbud was never identified by the introduced Unicom Plant—also called my Kawaiisu consultants and grows in a smaU "Devil Claw"—(Proboscidea louisianica area near what must have been the informal [Mill.] Thell.), said to have been brought into boundary between the Kawaiisu and Tubatu­ the Kawaiisu area from Needles, Califomia. labal but usuaUy considered within Tubatulabal Actually it is native to the southem states territory (Twisselmann 1967:263). (Twisselmann 1967:345) and so, according to Sedges (Carex spp.) and rushes (Juncus Ernest Twisselmann (personal communica­ spp.) seem not to have been used by the tion) "it couldn't have been truly primitive." Kawaiisu in "serious" basket-making. They The long pointed homs projecting from the may, however, have provided material for seed capsules serve as black pattem material.