99 DOI : 10.1886/jali.v%vi%i.10491 ISSN : 2722-5585 Vol.2 No.1 A PORTRAIT OF NATIONALISM VALUES IN LE BEIRUT POETRY BY JOSEPH HARB Saputra Husein Siregar Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga [email protected] Ifi Erwhintiana Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga [email protected] Abstract: A political polemic, crisis, and a far-reaching freedom in Beirut have been evident in many aspects of Lebanonians‟ lives. The emergence of public aspirations leading to tragedy and a devastating explosion of 2,750 tons of Ammonium Nitrate. This tragedy caused 100 victims were died and thousands people were injured. This phenomenon made many society from around the world contribute to express Beirut‟s freedom including Josep Harb through his poetry entitle “li Beirut”. This study aims to describe nationalism form in „li Beirut‟ poetry based on Norman Fairclough‟s theory, and show its impact on natinalism‟s reader as literary connoisseurs. This study employs a qualitative descriptive design. Data is collected by reading and taking notes techniques and then analyzed based on Miles and Huberman model that contained data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the portrait of nationalism in li Beirut poetry are expressions of love and praising for Beirut, also compassions and hopes for Beirut. The impact that has an effect on readers' nationalism is an attitude of prioritizing unity and brotherhood, as well as an optimistic attitude to improve the nation. Keywords: Beirut, Critical Discourse Analysis, Nationalism, Poetry Corresponding Author: [email protected] Vol.2 No.1 Introduction delivery of the author touches and can influence the reader as a literary Nowadays, Beirut has been connoisseur. Poetry authors can also shocked by the tragedy that the describe the surrounding social explosion that occurred on August 4, phenomena in the form of criticism 2020, has reached a considerable of the current ruler or give loss. Many victims died, were enthusiasm for his social life and injured, and even became homeless. place of residence to improve his This tragedy also significantly situation. impacted several aspects, such as In line with the above damage to public facilities, the phenomena, Poetry ‘le Beirut’ is one destruction of the Baabda palace, example of literary work where a and even causing seismic waves that writer pours nationalism by telling were equivalent to a power of 3.3 the lamentation of Joseph Harb magnitudes (Kompas, 2020).. This (1940-2014), his poem Le Beirut phenomenon also shows a where the conditions of his country democratic crisis due to an unstable Lebanon at that time were in ruins economy. This is where people from due to the Lebanese civil war ( various circles and around the world 1975-1990). The losses suffered sympathize with the tragedy that from the hundreds of thousands of befell Beirut. Various voices of victims, the population who freedom are expressed through displaced millions of people to other various media, one of which is countries, the economy ravaged by literature. poverty everywhere, and In essence, every literary infrastructure destroyed by years of work written by every author, of civil war reported by Britannica.com course there is an asbab which is the (Kingston, 2020). background for the emergence of a In his poetry verses entitled literary work both internally and Le Beirut, Harb clearly conveyed his externally. There are two forms of sense of nationalism to his city of literary works, namely fiction Beirut which is in the country of (prose, poetry and drama) and non- Lebanon and is its capital as well. fiction (biography, autobiography Each verse of his poetry often and essays). Poetry is defined as one mentions the words you are mine, of the literary works containing you are min oh Beirut, how he really society's representation conveyed loves and cherishes his city, this is by the author. Literary work aims to where Joseph Harb's nationalism convey social criticism and convey appears in wanting to advance and the author's emotional feelings his longing to revive his city (Amin, about the community's condition. In 2012). this context, the author of poetry or In 2020, Joseph Harb's poem other literature indirectly conveys went viral again due to the explosion his message, but there is much in the city of Beirut on August 6, diction that is satirical and parables 2020, caused by the burning of the in poetry verses. The expressive building which contained 2,750 tons SAPUTRA HUSEIN SIREGAR, IFI ERWHINTIANA 100 A PORTRAIT OF NATIONALISM VALUES IN LE BEIRUT POETRY BY JOSEPH HARB of Ammonium Nitrate, resulting in backward from all social, economic 100 deaths and thousands of injuries and political instability. In this poem as a result, as reported by entitled Le Beirut is a picture of the Aljazeera.com (Alsaafin, 2020). After city of Beirut conveyed with a the 2020 Beirut explosion, many message that is indirectly needed to countries offered their condolences, describe the message in the poem and famous Arab singers such as using Norman Fairlouh's critical Maher zain, Hamood Khunder, sang discourse analysis,n addition the Le Beirut poetry, and conditions in poetry of le Beirut is able to the 1970s were the same as influence the individual as a conditions in 2020, namely social connoisseur of literary works. This and political problems that were not is where the researcher's interest clearly as well as a crisis economy. arises where the message contained The tragedy of the Ammonium in the poem le Beirut is due to the Nitrate explosion caused the harbor suitability of theory and object and to be leveled to the ground. Hence is related to the study of critical the Lebanese people demonstrated a discourse based on Norman lot demanding change and political Fairclough's perspective. and legal reform. The slogan uttered Research on critical by the protesters is "Revolution", discourse analysis is not new, but because it is not just a political many researchers have used this problem but the economy of method, so research on Critical corruption in the government (New Discourse Analysis has been done York Times.com). before, only different research Based on the explanation objects. Social criticism of the music above, the majority of the people "Negri Negri" (Hardiyanti, 2018), interpreted the poetry as an critical discourse analysis "we Are expression of sadness and the world 25 for haiti" song lyrics compassion and condolences for (Herman, 2019), critical discourse Beirut. Same thing, Joseph Harb's analysis of Eminem's song work carries the concept of "Mongking the bird" (Saraswati, nationalism. How to convey the love 2018), Fairclough's critical of the country. Seeing the many discourse analysis in celebrity messages implied in poetry verses, coverage in online media the researcher tries to describe the (Cinderamata, 2019). value of nationalism in a critical Based on the explanation discourse frame based on Norman above, the researcher seeks to Fairclough's socio-cultural explain the portrait of nationalism characteristics (Fairclough, 1995). values related to the context of le The message that the poet wants to Beirut, and to reveal its influence on convey in his poetry is a lot of things the attitude of individual that have an indirect meaning, to nationalism as literary connoisseurs. describe the situation and condition of the city of Beirut at that time, because at that time the city was 101 A PORTRAIT OF NATIONALISM VALUES IN LE BEIRUT POETRY BY JOSEPH HARB Vol.2 No.1 earth. Thus the nation can be understood as people who live and Literary Review inhabit the same area, and they are subject to the sovereignty of their Every individual must have a own country, as the highest power sense of love within him to improve both outside and inside. He then and contribute to his beloved transformed into a teaching country, of course this Nationalism (understanding) that loves his can appear as an unrest that occurs nation and country, as well as full in the social conditions that he feels, awareness as a member of the state it could be an economic problem to advance his country (Amin, 2012) where the people are getting poorer, Nationalism in the present a sense of justice that is injured so it era is a fundamental problem of is necessary to be a Mushlih or to every nation on earth, especially if see a tyrannical and arbitrary ruler its people have a very pluralistic to his people so that the person feels primordial nature. The claim of each his Hubbul Wathon to act to resolve nation may be that even though it it both through exclamations and in has different backgrounds Religion the form of physical action. Muhsin and culture must unite, but that is is of the opinion that in this case it is only political narratives conveyed by not certain that every person has the political elites, so a country or spirit of nationalism, so it is nation that cannot have nationalism necessary to cultivate or give rise to is so bland that the country feels this Hubbul Wathon character so bland, because it only undergoes a that it is well channeled to fight and life process of how a being is. have a pure opinion for the people Another life usually, there is an (Amin, 2012). imagination conveyed that people So Nationalism can be can be united with the same goals, interpreted as a sense of love for the ideology, blood and common origin of the country. Nationalism interests (Affan, 2016). comes from the word nation which The author considers that means nation in the Big Indonesian nationalism or hubbul wathon, of Dictionary (Ali, 1994). Explaining course, has fluctuating development, that the word nation means: (1) but it does not rule out the spirit of unity of people together in ancestry, love for our own country, there must customs, language and history as only be, usually there is an well as having their own experiment that we make or government.