Intercultural Competence As a Conductive Factor of Managers

Intercultural Competence As a Conductive Factor of Managers

École doctorale AUGUSTIN COURNOT INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE AS A CONDUCIVE FACTOR OF MANAGERS’ READINESS FOR ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE Thèse pour l’obtention du DOCTORAT ès SCIENCES DE GESTION présentée par José Luis VALLEJO-GARCÍA Directeur de thèse: Monsieur Gilles LAMBERT Professeur des Universités Université de Strasbourg, France Rapporteurs externes: Monsieur Jean-François CHANLAT Professeur des Universités Université Paris-Dauphine, France Monsieur Christoph BARMEYER Professeur des Universités Universität Passau, Allemagne Rapporteur interne: Monsieur Thierry BURGER-HELMCHEN Professeur des Universités Université de Strasbourg, France Suffragant: Madame Anne BARTEL-RADIC Maître de conférences Université de Savoie, France Unité de Recherche: Bureau d’économie théorique et appliquée (BETA UMR 7522) 61, avenue de la Forêt Noire, 67085, Strasbourg, France Date de soutenance: le 23 mai 2012 - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - A mi madre, por su amor y ejemplo de fortaleza y trabajo A mis hermanos, Maritere y Eduardo, por su nobleza A mi sobrino Diego, por su sensibilidad A mi padre, quien en vida, me legó parte de su espíritu soñador - v - - vi - Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to the University of Strasbourg, to the Ecole de Management and the Faculté des Sciences Economiques et de Gestion for facilitating my enrolment in this doctoral programme. I particularly thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Gilles Lambert for his direction, time and advice during the development of this thesis. My gratefulness to Universidad Panamericana campus Guadalajara, to the School of Management and Economic Sciences, especially Dr. Sergio Villanueva Varela; Dr. Juan de la Borbolla Rivero; MBA Jorge Franco López; and Dr. Carlos Trejo- Pech, for their flexibility and support. Special thanks to my good friend and colleague Kevin Mac Gabhann for his companionship, unconditional friendship and constant moral support throughout this process. I am indebted to my friend and colleague Jessie Pallud, for her supportive advice, technical help, optimism and always uplifting comments. My sincere gratitude also to my friend Dixie Santana for taking the time to read and correct my writing as English is not my native language. Thanks to all the people who directly or indirectly were involved and always showed concern with my progress until the end of this journey. - vii - - viii - Résumé L’objectif de cette thèse est d’identifier les compétences interculturelles qui déterminent la disposition des gestionnaires au changement organisationnel. Pour ce faire, nous avons analysé l’influence des compétences interculturelles, impliquant des aptitudes cognitives, des habiletés émotives et des compétences comportementales/sociales chez les gestionnaires, sur la disposition au changement. Afin de tester notre modèle de recherche, incluant douze hypothèses principales nous avons eu recours à une enquête avec un questionnaire électronique auto-administré. Notre échantillon total compte cinq cent cinquante-sept personnes en provenance de soixante-huit pays différents. Les personnes interrogées, des salariés d’entreprises, occupent des postes à différents niveaux hiérarchiques : au niveau stratégique, mais aussi au niveau opérationnel, c’est-à-dire, des gestionnaires qui sont responsables de la planification à long terme, du contrôle du progrès, ou de la supervision quotidienne des opérations. La compréhension du concept de la compétence interculturelle était un aspect essentiel dans cette thèse de doctorat. La partie théorique a donc été écrite discrétionnairement par le chercheur au sujet des références choisies sur lesquelles le cadre conceptuel a été établi. Une partie empirique a été soutenue avec une analyse méthodologique quantitative afin de prouver qu’il y a une corrélation positive significative entre la compétence interculturelle et la disposition des gestionnaires au changement organisationnel. En plus, il fut voulu de découvrir la pertinence de l’exposition à la formation interculturelle en rapport avec d’autres facteurs tels que les gestionnaires expatriés contre les gestionnaires non-expatriés; le niveau de gestion et l’expérience multiculturelle individuelle. Les résultats montrent qu’il y a une corrélation positive significative entre les compétences interculturelles et la disposition des gestionnaires au changement organisationnel. Les aptitudes qui sont reliées aux compétences comportementales/sociales semblent être le prédicteur le plus important de la disposition au changement organisationnel. De plus, les analyses indiquent une corrélation significative entre l’exposition à la formation interculturelle et la disposition au changement. Enfin, cette recherche inclut une analyse post-hoc qui visait à tester le rôle de trois composantes principales en tant que compétences interculturelles influençant des facteurs et démontre l’influence évidente sur la disposition des gestionnaires au changement. - ix - - x - Abstract The object of this thesis is to discover the intercultural competencies that determine manager’s readiness for organizational change. Through the analysis of twelve main hypotheses; regarded as intercultural competence; involving cognitive capabilities, emotional abilities and behavioural/social skills in managers; and their influence on readiness for change, the procedure to validate the general hypothesis includes an electronic self-administered questionnaire and a total of five hundred and fifty seven respondents from sixty-eight different nationalities. The respondents are managers of corporations who hold strategic, tactical or operational management positions; that is, managers who are responsible for long-term planning, progress monitoring, or day-to-day operational supervision. The understanding of the concept of intercultural competence is a central aspect in this dissertation and therefore the theoretical part has been written discretionarily by the researcher concerning the selected references upon which the conceptual framework was built. An empirical part is supported with a quantitative methodological analysis in order to prove that there is a significant positive correlation between intercultural competence and managers’ readiness for organizational change. Additionally, it is intended to discover the relevance of intercultural training exposure in contrast with other factors such as expatriate versus non-expatriate managers; level of management and individual multicultural experience. Concluding findings show that there is a significant positive correlation between intercultural competence and organizational readiness for change in managers; particularly those competencies related to behavioural/social skills. Moreover, there is also significant correlation between intercultural training exposure and readiness for change. This study includes a post-hoc analysis where three main components are tested and validated as intercultural competence influencing factors and show clear effect on managers’ readiness for change. - xi - - xii - Index CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 29 CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW 43 CHAPTER 3 – CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL 113 CHAPTER 4 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 171 CHAPTER 5 – ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 211 CHAPTER 6 – DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 255 REFERENCES 279 APPENDICES 295 - xiii - - xiv - TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................XIX LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................XXI 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................29 1.1 MOTIVATION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT ..............................................................................35 1.2 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY ............................................................................36 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS ................................................................................................38 1.4 MANAGERIAL RELEVANCE ...................................................................................................39 1.5 ACADEMIC RELEVANCE .......................................................................................................40 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................43 2.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................43 2.2 THE THEORY BEHIND ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE ..................................................................44 2.2.1 Approaches to organizational change ....................................................................49 2.2.2 The role of the manager in organizational change .................................................52 2.2.3 Change management and organizational learning.................................................55 2.3 READINESS FOR ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE .........................................................................59 2.3.1 The dynamics of individual readiness for change ..................................................64 2.3.2 Resistance to change .............................................................................................64 2.3.3 Managers’ readiness for organizational change.....................................................66 2.3.4 Previous

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