THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL PART I A HISTORY OF SOCIALIST THOUGHT: Volume III, Part I THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL 1889-1914 BY G. D. H. COLE LONDON M A C M IL L A N & CO L T D NEW YORK • ST MARTIN’S PRESS 19 6 3 This book is copyright in all countries which are signatories to the Berne Convention First Edition 1956 R ep rin ted 1960, 1963 MACMILLAN AND COMPANY LIMITED St. Martin’s Street London WC 2 also Bombay Calcutta Madras Melbourne THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA LIMITED Toronto ST MARTIN’S PRESS INC New York PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN PREFACE his volume has been difficult to write because of the extension of Socialism to so many countries and of the T paucity of material for many of them in languages I can read. I cannot hope to have avoided making many mistakes, or faulty judgments, though I hope I have got most of the essen­ tials broadly right. Where I could, I sought help and advice from specialists who were known to me, and their kindly answers have enabled me to correct a number of errors. My deepest thanks are due to Mr. H. N. Brailsford, who has again read through the whole volunie and helped me greatly, and to Mr. Julius Braunthal, Secretary of the Socialist International, who has not only read the whole but also loaned me a number of books and reports which I should have found it very difficult to consult elsewhere. For loans of books I am also deeply indebted to Mr. Raymond Postgate, Mr. H. L. Beales, Mr. C. A. Macartney, Mr. K. J. Scott of New Zealand and Miss Florence Bradfield. My wife has read some of the chapters and made valuable comments. M y numerous other debts are for information and help with particular chapters — especially with data and biographical particulars. I have to thank Mr. James Joll for help with the section dealing with the Second International; Mr. J. F. llorrabin, Mr. Maurice Reckitt, Mrs. A. J. Penty, Professor Michael Oakeshott, and Mr. John Mahon (Great Britain); M. Maurice Dommanget and M. Michel Crozier (France); Mr. Julius Braunthal and Frau Gertrude Magaziner (Austria); Mr. Thomas Balogh and Mr. K. Szigeti (Hungary); Dr. H. G. Schenk (Bohemia); M. Charles Barbier, Professor Max Weber, M r. Hans Handschin, and the Verband Schweiz Konsumvereine (Switzerland); M. Rene Renard (Belgium), Dr. von Wiessing, Professor A. C. Riiter and the International Institute for Social 1 Iistory (Holland); Mr. Poul Hansen (Denmark); Mr. Gostar 1 .angenfelt, Baron Palmstierna, and Dr. J. W. Ames (Sweden); SOCIALIST THOUGHT Mr. B. Hindahl (Norway); Mr. R. H. Oittinen (Finland); Signor L. Valiani (Italy); Mr. L. Popov (Bulgaria); Mr. V. Tunguz (Yugoslavia); Miss Marjorie Plant, Mr. Isaiah Berlin, Mrs. Kuskova-Prokopovitch, Dr. Rudolf Schlesinger, and Mr. Henry Collins (Soviet Union); Dr. H. W. Laidler (United States); Mr. C. A. Fleming, Mr. E. M. Higgins, Mr. N. S. Lynravn, and Mr. Lloyd Ross (Australia); Professor Iwao Ayusawa (Japan); His Excellency Senor Francisco A. de Icaza (Mexico); and Mr. Desmond Crowley, Mr. K. J. Scott, and Miss E. G. Simpson (New Zealand). Mr. Crowley, in par­ ticular, was kind enough to lend me his own unpublished book on the Labour movement in New Zealand, which I found very helpful indeed. Mr. Higgins also lent me unpublished material about Australia. Finally, I have to thank two secretaries, Mrs. Rosamund Broadley and Mrs. Audrey Millar, who have successively borne the burden of my handwriting and helped me in countless other ways. G . D. H. C o le O x fo r d September 1954 CONTENTS P A R T I PAGE P r efa ce V T h e P r in c ip a l C h a ra cters ix I ntroduction xi CHAP. I. T h e S eco nd I nternational : E a r l y Y ears 1 II. T h e S eco n d I nternational : L a t er Y ears 37 (i) 1900. — Paris, (ii) 1904.— Amsterdam, (iii) 1907. — Stuttgart. (iv) 19 10 .— Amsterdam. (v) 1912. — Bale. (vi) 1914.— Vienna and Paris. The Collapse of the Second International III. G r ea t B r it a in — S o c ia lism befo re t h e L abour P a r t y 104 (i) The Beginnings of Fabian Socialism. (ii) The New Unionism and its Back­ ground. (iii) The Independent Labour Party, (iv) Robert Blatchford and The Clarion IV. G r eat B r it a in — t h e L abour P a r t y a n d t h e G r ea t U n rest 179 (i) The Rise of the Labour Party : Socialists and Liberals : H. G. Wells (ii) Fabian Socialism— The Webbs, Shaw and Wallas. (iii) The Great Unrest: The Labour Party and its Leaders : Syndicalism and Guild Socialism V . G e r m a n y : t h e R e v isio n ist C o n tro versy 249 V I. G e r m a n y a ft e r t h e R e v isio n ist C o n tro versy : A p p ea r a n c e a n d R e a l it y 297 V II. F r a n c e to 1905 323 VIII. F r a n c e a ft e r 1905. T h e U n ifie d P a r t y a n d t h e S yndicalists . J au res a n d S orel 354 vii SOCIALIST THOUGHT CH A P. PAGE IX . R u ssia to 1905 39 2 X . T h e F ir st R u ssia n R ev o lu tio n 443 X I. P o lan d — R osa L u xem bu rg 486 THE PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS CHAP. CHAP. REF. REF. [I'.NGELS, 1820-1895] 1 — [Cunninghame Graham, L a v r o v , 1 8 2 3 - 1 9 0 0 2 9 1852-1936]2 W . L i e b k n e c h t , 1 8 2 6 - 1 9 0 0 2 5 S t e p n i a k , 18 52-18 95 9 T o l s t o i , 1 8 2 8 - 1 9 1 0 — [M alatesta, 1853-1932] 3 — L o n g u e t , 1 8 3 3 - 1 9 0 1 7 , 8 [ B a x , 1854-1926]3 — [M o r r i s , 1 8 3 4 - 1 8 9 6 ] 3 — K a u t s k y , 1854-1938 2 5> 6 B e b e l , 1 8 4 0 - 1 9 1 3 2 5 , 6 D e b s , 1855-1926 2 21 V a i l l a n t , 1840-1915 2 7, 8 A n s e e l e , 18 56 -19 38 16 M a l o n , 1 8 4 1 - 1 8 9 3 2 7 B e r t r a n d , 1856 -19 43 16 G r e u l i c h , 1 8 4 2 - 1 9 2 5 1 5 H a r d i e , 18 5 6 -19 15 3, 4 III y n d m a n , 1 8 4 2 - 1 9 2 1 ] 2 — M a n n , 18 56 -19 4 1 3, 4 | K r o p o t k i n , 1842-1921] 3 — S h a w , 1856 -19 50 3. 4 L a p a r g u e , 1 8 4 2 - 1 9 1 1 7 Plekhanov, 1857-1918 2 9, 10 M ikhailovsky , 1 8 4 2 - 1 9 0 4 9 T u r a t i , 18 5 7-19 32 19 A n t . L a b r i o l a , 1843-1904 19 Z e t k i n , 18 5 7 -19 33 6 B r o u s s e , 1 8 4 4 - 1 9 1 2 7 J . A . H o b s o n , 1858-1940 4 D a n i e l s o n , 1 8 4 4 - 1 9 1 8 9 B . W e b b , 1858-1943 3. 4 S i n g e r , 1 8 4 4 - 1 9 1 1 6 B u r n s , 1859-1941 2 3, 4 G u e s d e , 1 8 4 5 - 1 9 2 2 2 7 , 8 C h a m p io n , 1859-1928 3 M e h r i n g , 1 8 4 6 - 1 9 1 9 5 , 6 J a u r e s , 18 5 9 -19 14 7,8 N i e u w e n h u i s , 1 8 4 6 - 1 9 1 9 1 7 L a n s b u r y , 1859-1940 4 SoREL, 1847-1922 8 M illerand, 1859-1943 7 A x e l r o d , 1850-1925 9 S. W e b b , 1859-1947 3, 4 BERNSTEIN, 1850-1932 5 B r a n t i n g , 1860-1925 18 Icl.ESIAS, 1850-1925 20 P oU G ET , 186 0-19 32 8 L u d e b o u r , 1 8 5 0 - 1 9 4 7 6 Troelstra, 1860-1930 1 7 VoLLMAR, 1850-1922 5 W .