THARU: THF,STARTING POINT ON THE uWAYS OF HORUSn Abdul Rahman Al-Ayeài A thesis subrnitted in conformity with the rquirements for the degree of Master of Arts Graduate Department ofNaand Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto uisitions and Acquisitions et 9Bib kgiiiphic Services sewices bibliographiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National Liifary of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, disûiiute or sell reproduire, prêter, distfliiuer ou copies of this thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette îhèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/füm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. THARU: THE STARTINO POINT OF THE "WAY OF HORUS" Master of Arts, June 2000 Abdul Rahman Al-Ayedi Depariment of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto ABSTRACT This thesis concentrates on the identification of the fortnss of '"ïhani", the capital of the 14* nome of Lower Egypt and the starting point on the Ways of Homs in North Sinai. It attempts to comlate the ancient Egyptian sources with archaeological fieldwork, in order to ülustrate the importance and role of Tharu in ancient Egyptian history. In Chapter 2, ancient references to the "Ways of Homs" are discussed. In addition, an interpretation of the inscriptions of Seti 1 is presented; these reliefs constitute a major source, because they depict the fortresses, stations and waterwells dong the Ways of Horus. Recent mhaaological ahdence provides an identification of at least the Brst two fortresses mentioned, "Tharu" and the "Dweiiin~of the Lion". Chapters 3 and 4 foas on mcient references to "Thacu". as well as the orthognphy and manhg ofthe me. Chapter 4 aiso teviews the scholars' debate ngudiig the identification of Thru; the pdominant view behg that Teli Abu-Seifa wuancient Thm. The hypothesis that Teîi Hiabou 1is acturlty Tham is put focward. Chapter 5 disaisses the SCA excavations et TeU Abu-Seifk, revealing a Graeco-Roman fortress, settlement, magazines and hahour. In Chapter 6, the SCA excavations at Tell Haboua 1 are reviewed. The remains inciude a New Kingdom f0rtms - buiit on Hyksos mmains - settlement, magazines, granaries and tombs. Chapter 7 briefîy highiights the recent discovenes at Tell Haboua [I, which revealed a derNew Kingdom fotfress datuig to the timt of Seti I, as well as magazines and a settlement. This Fomeat mry k identifieci as the "DweUing ofthe Lion", the second station on the Ways of Horus. nie discovcfies at Td Haknia 1and II, samgthen the argument that Tell Haboua 1 may be identifiw as mcient Tham, the starting point on the Ways of Horus. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thae M a nrimba of people who have hdpai me in complethg thhi thesis. I would like to th& each of my cornminet manban: Proferut Lcprohon, for his help and support; Professor Gnymski for lis archaeologid insights and understanding; and Professor Millet, for hW encouragement. Speciai thanks are due to Professor Northnip for taking an interest in my studies âom the bqhing. Ah, my appmiüion to Ptoféssor HoWay extends back to the early days at Tel el- Maskhuta, wheie 1wu 6rst introduccd to rny Canadian colieagucs. To Dr. Larry Pavlish my dtepest thanks and appmiation for his fnendship, help and encouragement during the tough times. My thanks also to Elspah WiIliams for her wistance and support. Thanks to my coiieagues at the Supmne Councii of Antiquities, with whom 1 have worked closeiy ova the years in undertaking the excavations pubüshed hm. Speeial acknowledgement is due to Dr. Mohanunad Siigbir, Undersecretary of State, Chief Sector of Egyptian Archaeology. Finally, 1 apprseiate the unfaiüng avaiiabüity and assistance of Mm*a de Motta, Graduate CwrdDitorAssistant, and Kang Mei Wang at the Libnry of the hian and New Eastern Arts, Royai Ontario Museum. 1 dedicate this thesis to the spint of my fathet, my funily and my belovcd country, Egypt. PREFACE The discussion set out in this thcst's fo- upon the idaaincation of Thcuu. In my work, 1 have chosen to translate the wm of 13nv as "Thant', ratha than as the mon common "Tjrni". In myanciait Egyptian words, the t and t weit used intcrchmgeably. It appears that the & sound nom the ancient Egyptian langage husurvived in modem Arabic, dong with a number of other lm of the ancient Egyptian alphabet Indeed, the letter a ("th") occun in classical Arabic and is pronouncd by modem Egyptians as 'Y'. Thus, it appean that these bowids may replace each other. niae arc a numba ofancientEgyptian plrce names that hclude the (-sound, which have Junm*d into mhtria vutdy unchangecl, exœpt that the modem pronunciation uses a 'Y. For example, ba ,t3r (modem Ti+) 1, -- p &(p W (modern Touneh, k~),near = D Da Matarieh and Lake Mcnzalah2, @ 0, (modern Thch, w),neir ~ardis'and œ ^L 4r ,##t (modem Tou* t;j&),neu Maliawi, province of Assiout.' In classical Arabic, these place names wodd k pronound with a 'W. It is noteworthy that none of the modern pronunciations use the 'yï" sound. ' H Gauthier..Dictionmiin drs noms giopyhiqws (Cab* 1925). voi. W. 66. Ibici, 72. 'Ibid 77. 'Ibid 77. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstracî ................................................................ ii Acknowldgements ....................................................... iv Mace ................................................................. v List of Tables ............................................................. xi List of Phtes ............................................................. Kii List ofFigures ........................................................... UV Abbreviations ............................................................ mi INTRODUCTION .................................................. 1 THE WAYS OF HORUS IN ANCENT' EGYPTIAN SOURCES ...............4 1. Old Kingdom ................................................. 11 (a) Sarcophagus from the tomb of the "ovenar of the desert". Mbu'-Hnmw at Gin(5' Dyniaty) ............................ .Il @) The~dtextofKingTeti(6*~ynuty).................... 12 2 . Fdintermad'iate Paid ........................................'13 (a) Theinsûuctioll~ad~toKingMaikare(1ûthDynasty)......... 13 3 . Middle Kingdom ............................................. 13 (a) ThestoryofSinuhe(l2~Dynissy).......................... 13 @) Stela of Memphis (1 2' Dynasty) ........................... 15 4 . Newfigdom ............................................... 16 (a) Inscription on the wdof Hathor chape1 at Deir el-Bahari (18' Dynisty) ............................................. 16 (b) inscription fiom the tomb of Senufcr, Mkyor of Thcbes (18' Dynuty) ............................................. -16 (c) Iaicription on a statue of Sen& Ovacar of the Sd (18 IDywty) ........................................... 17 (d) Twbof~atTh~(18*~ynucy).................... 17 (e) InthUtiC~*gnofSetiI,KMik(1pDynasty) ............ 18 (0 Papyms~I(19*~ynuty)........................... 19 5 . The Main Sources ............................................ 20 THARU IN ANCIENT EGYPTTAN SOURCES .......................... -26 1 . New Kingdom ............................................... 26 (a) nie Rhhd Mathematical Papyrus (Year 33 of King Ausem '~pophis'. 15 ~ynasty)................................. -26 (b) Tha Annals of Thutmose III (18* Dynasty) ....................27 (c) Rock-cut stela of Neby. the Mayor of Tham at Serabit d-~hadcm(Thutmose IV. late 18" Dynasty) ................... 28 (d) StdaofNeby.MayorofThanr-stIV.he18*-) .....29 (t) Canopic Jar of Ncby. the Mayor of Tharu. (Thutmose IV. late 186qnritV) ............................................ 31 (f) Block-stitue fiagnatnt ofHatre. the Oversecr of Goldsmiths (AmenhotepII, 18~~ywty)................................ 31 (g) Wine Jar Seslings relatcd to Tham nom Malkata (Amenhotep III, 18* Dynrsty) .......................................... 32 (h) Shawabti of Menna, the commander of the troops of Thmu (18'Dywty) ........................................... 34 (i) Fragment of iTaxation Dcctee Born the Aten Temple at Karnak (Akhenaten, 18" Dynasty) ................................ 34 0) Wme Jar Sahg from the tomb ofTutankharnun (18 Dynasty) ....34 (k) Decra of Horemhcô at Kun& (1 8 Dynasty) ................. 35 0) SteJaofyerr400(RainesstsII. I9%ynasty) ..................36 (m) Asiatic campaigns of Rarncssts II (19' Dynasty) ................37 (R) Gdenj~chcff~~~~~,1P4liasty)................ 38 (O) &rlinstelaofHuy.no.17332(19*Dynrsty) .................. 38 @) PqymsAnastasiIII(Mertnpt&, lPDynuty) ................. 39 (q) P~~IV@amesside)............................ 41 (r) Papyrus Awnui V (Seti 4 19%ynasty) ..................... 42 (s) P~py~lLansing, P.British Museum 9994 (20' Dynasty) ......... -43 (t) Inscriptions ffom 11# temple ofDendara (Roman period) ........ -45 (u) Inscripions on a sucophagus Born el-Kantarah (Roman period) ... -47 N . TH€ fDENTIFICATION OF "THARW' ................................. 51 1. Orthography of the Name of “Thuu" .............................. 51 2. UtsningoftheNuac'W ................................... 52 3 . The Identification of Tharu: the