AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF UNITED NATIONS PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONSTO AFRICAN SECURITY: CASE STUDY OF DARFUR - SUDAN BY EMEKA VICTOR ONUMAJURU DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA-NIGERIA JANUARY, 2018 i AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF UNITED NATIONS PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS TO AFRICAN SECURITY: CASE STUDY OF DARFUR - SUDAN BY EMEKA VICTOR ONUMAJURU PhD/SOC.SCIE/02642/2008-2009/ P16SSPS9459 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA - NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA-NIGERIA JANUARY, 2018 ii DECLARATION I declare that this thesis entitled: “An Assessment of the contributions of United Nations Peace Support Operations to African Security: Case Study of Darfur – Sudan” was conducted by me in the Department of Political Science and International Studies,Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. All information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in form of references. No part of this dissertation was previously presented for the award of another degree or diploma at any university. ______________________________ __________________ Emeka Victor ONUMAJURU Date iii CERTIFICATION This thesis entitled: “AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTIONSOF UNITED NATIONS PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS TO AFRICAN SECURITY: CASE STUDY OF DARFUR – SUDAN” by Emeka Victor ONUMAJURU meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and it approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. ________________________________ __________________ Professor R. Ayo Dunmoye Date Chairman, Supervisory Committee ________________________________ __________________ Professor P.P. Izah Date Member Supervisory Committee ________________________________ __________________ Professor HuduAyubaAbdullahi Date Member Supervisory Committee ________________________________ __________________ Dr AliyuYahaya Date Head of Department ________________________________ __________________ Professor Z.S.Abubakar Date Dean, Postgraduate School iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to put on record the significant influence of some individuals towards the completion of this study. My sincere appreciation goes to my supervisory committee chairman and members Prof. R Ayo Dunmoye, Prof. P.P. Izah and Prof. HuduAbdullahi for creating time out of their busy schedule to read earlier drafts of this study within a short period of time. My sincere appreciation also goes to Dr AliyuYahaya, HOD and Prof Z.S. Abubakar, Dean Postgraduate School for the opportunity to conduct the research work. I remain most grateful to Dr. J. Gyong and Dr.AbubakarSiddique for their comments and observations. I also wish to thank Maj Gen GOOdeh and Dr. DO Moveh for their advice throughout the course of this study. My appreciation also goes to Prof. Umar Kaoje, Prof. Yusuf Yakubu, Dr. Mohammed Faal, Dr. Edgar Agudamah, Dr. Ismail Shehu, late Dr.Sunday Suleimanand other members of staff of the Department of Political Science and International Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria for their contributions in several ways to the completion of this study. A number of individuals from United Nations Headquarters New York have also been instrumental to the completion of this study. My appreciation goes to Ms. Ingrid Hayden and Ms.ManishaAgulawata of the Darfur Integrated Operational Team, Office of Operation, UN DPKO. Brig Gen EPA Undiandeye and Col Bobby Ugaigbe of Office of Military Affairs, United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, New York. Cols AA Adeyinka and OM Bello of United Nations Office to African Union and Peace Support Operations Division, African Union Headquarters Addis Ababa respectively, and participants of National Defence College Course 25 and Armed Forces Command and Staff College Senior Course 39 who served in Darfur for their contributions. My sincere appreciation also goes to the Commandant National Defence College Abuja, the Chief of Training and Operations-Army Headquarters and Defence Headquarters as well as the Directors of Peacekeeping Army Headquarters and Defence Headquarters for their cooperation during this study. My lovely appreciation also goes to my darling wife (Iniobong) and two kids (Chiamaka and Chinonso) for their patience; and encouragement. Finally, I wish to thank all my siblings for their contributions in several ways to the completion of this study. v ABSTRACT This study evaluates African Union -United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) from 2007-2016; with a view to determining how it has contributed to the establishment of enduring peace and security in Darfur. The study is conducted against the backdrop of the fact that most United Nations (UN) Peace Support Operations(PSO) in Africa have not adequately enhanced African security; supposedly arising from their inability to address the root causes of such conflicts and institutional inadequacies. The functionalism theory is adopted as the theoretical framework of the study. The study identified four potential outcome as assumptions. First, enduring and sustainable peace can only be achieved with the full cooperation and willingness of the parties to a conflict to end the crisis. Second, the inability of UN PSO to sufficiently improve Darfur security situation is not unconnected to their inability to address the root causes of conflicts in the region. Third, UNAMID would be more effective in Darfur if it fully collaborates with regional conflict resolution mechanisms in addressing the crisis. Fourth, the full backing of theUN Permanent Members (P5) is necessary likewise the political will of African government to promote durable peace in Darfur. Interviews were utilized as the main primary source of data. Focus Group Discussion as well as documentary evidence werealso used to supplement the data from the interviews. The data gathered were qualitatively analysed, applying logical reasoning based on facts. Findings indicate that there was no peace to keep in Darfur at the early stage as the armed movements and Government of Sudan(GoS) failed to agree to the implementation of the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) 2006 and the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur(DDPD) of 2012. This is partly due to the fact that both agreements did not factor in the root causes of the crisis bothering on the continued marginalisation of the Darfur region of Sudan by the Khartoum based government over the years. Findings indicate that only the first, second and fourth assumptions of this research are valid. Furthermore, evidence presented in this study also indicates that:there is no comprehensive political solution to the problem owing to lack of a free, fair and credible elections that would lay the foundation for meaningful representation of Darfur at the national level andthe lack of force multipliers and enablers undermined the credibility of the mission particularly during the deployment and consolidation phases.Evidence presented also indicate that relative security have being achieved in various sector Headquarters(HQs) and adjourning areas though security in the hinterland remain unstable, improvement in passage and distribution of humanitarian deliveries to people at risk and increased awareness on issues of human rights and rule of law in Darfur. The thesis recommends the generation of niche and specialized capability for UNAMID components, and the development of a clear political strategy towards a comprehensive political solution. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Page ………………………………………………………………………….. i Fly Leaf ……………………………………………………………………………... ii Declaration …………………………………………………………………………. iii Certification ………………………………………………………………………... iv Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………. v Abstract …………………………………………………………………………….. vi Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………... vii List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………… xi List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………….. xiii List of Appendixes …………………………………………………………………. xv List of Acronyms …………………………………………………………………… xvi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ……………………………………………………. 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem …………………………………………. 7 1.3 Research Questions ………………………………………………………….. 8 1.4 Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………………… 8 1.5 Rationale of the Research …………………………………………………… 9 1.6 Assumptionsof the Study …………………………………………………… 10 1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study ………………………………………….. 10 1.8 Organization of Chapters ……………………………………………………. 11 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 United Nations Peace Support Operations and African Security: A Conceptual and Theoretical Explication……………………………………. 13 2.2 Concept of Regional Security ………………………………………………. 14 2.3 Concept of Conflict …………………………………………………………. 25 2.3.1 Causes of Conflicts in Africa ……………………………………………….. 28 2.3.2 Contemporary African Conflicts and its Characteristic …………………….. 33 2.4 Concept of Peacekeeping …………………………………………………… 35 2.5 Peacekeeping as a Conflict Resolution Mechanism to Enhance African Security …………………………………………………………….. 47 2.6 Theoretical Framework of the Study ……………………………………….. 52 vii CHAPTER THREE: METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 3.1 Objective of the Study ………………………………………………………. 57 3.2 Population Sample for the Study ……………………………………………. 58 3.3 Sources of Data Collection ………………………………………………….