CANADIAN AQUACULTURE R&D REVIEW 2017 INSIDE Effects of Cage Aquaculture on Freshwater Benthic Communities Impact of Mussel Culture on Infauna and Sediment Biogeochemistry Marine Reservoirs of Infectious Agents Associated with Proliferative Gill Disorders in Farmed Salmon Epidemiological Analysis and Modeling of Aquatic Pathogens Susceptibility of Sockeye Salmon to Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia The Effect of Dietary Camelina Oil on Health of Salmon The Effects of Smolt Size on the Intensity of Kudoa thyrsites Infections in Atlantic Salmon AQUACULTURE ASSOCIATION OF CANADA SPECIAL PUBLICATION 25 Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review 2017 AAC Special Publication #25 ISBN: 978-0-9881415-7-5 © 2017 Aquaculture Association of Canada Cover Photo (Front): Atlantic Salmon farm in Doctor's Cove, New Brunswick (Photo: Kobb Media) Photo Inside Cover (Front): La Butte Ronde on the island of Havre-aux-Maisons, Magdalen Islands (Québec), overlooking baie de Plaisance (Photo: Dan McPhee – DFO) Cover Photo (Back): Atlantic Salmon farm in Doctor's Cove, New Brunswick (Photo: Kobb Media) Photo Inside Cover (Back): Shoreline on the island of Havre-aux-Maisons in the Magdalen Islands Québec (Photo: Dan McPhee – DFO) The Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review 2017 has been published with support provided by Fisheries and Oceans Canada's Aquaculture Collaborative Research and Development Program (ACRDP) and the Aquaculture Association of Canada (AAC). Submitted materials may have been edited for length and writing style. Projects not included in this edition should be submitted before the deadline to be set for the next edition. Editors: Dan McPhee, Johannie Duhaime, Alex Tuen, and G. Jay Parsons Cited as: D McPhee, J Duhaime, A Tuen, and GJ Parsons (eds). Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review 2017. Aquaculture Association of Canada Special Publication 25 (2017) TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 2 Finfish: Freshwater 3 Finfish: Salmon 13 Sea Lice 25 Fish Health 34 Environmental Interactions 53 CIMTAN 79 Shellfish: Mussels 90 Shellfish: Oysters 100 Shellfish: Other 104 Miscellaneous 108 Organizations 122 Glossary 134 Index of Project Leads 136 INTRODUCTION Welcome to the seventh edition of the biennial Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review. The review is an ongoing compendium of the aquaculture research and development projects that have been underway over the past two years from all across Canada, whether they are undertaken by researchers from academia, government labs, or other research organisations. The review contains over 210 project descriptions detailing an impressive array of topics, disciplines, species, and geography. Projects include marine and freshwater species with topics ranging from finfish and shellfish health, seaweeds, production, husbandry technology, nutrition, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, and environmental interactions to name a few. This is the fourth issue of the review that has been produced by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) in partnership with the Aquaculture Association of Canada (AAC). This partnership is highly relevant and mutually beneficial to our respective roles in the area of knowledge translation and mobilisation at both the AAC and DFO. This collaboration has allowed us to produce this 2017 edition as an AAC Special Publication, which is an accessible, electronic citation. Digital versions of this document are also available on both the DFO and AAC websites. Aquaculture continues to be an important and growing sector of the seafood industry in Canada as well as globally. As aquaculture continues to grow, the role of science in supporting the sustainable management, regulation, and responsible development of this sector is more crucial than ever. This is coupled with the growing need for healthy and secure seafood products while ensuring that it occurs in an environmentally responsible manner. The AAC wants to profile advances in aquaculture research in Canada and provide this information to its members for an expanded dialogue on present and future challenges and opportunities for the industry. As such, this publication falls within the AAC’s mandate of disseminating knowledge and further education and we hope it will be of interest to a wide audience. Likewise, DFO has a mandate to enable the sustainable development of Canada’s aquatic resources, including aquaculture, and to provide access to information on its scientific activities underway within the department and elsewhere in Canada. Publication of ongoing aquaculture research in the Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review contributes towards achieving our shared mandates and to reach out to the science community, interested stakeholders, and the public. Additionally, the publication serves to increase the understanding and breadth of scientific activities underway and to encouraging development of collaborations, synergies, and coordination of future activities. Communication and analysis of scientific knowledge is also increasingly pertinent in ensuring a robust evidence-based approach to decision making and regulation of the aquaculture industry, which contributes to improved social acceptability and confidence. We would like to take the opportunity to recognize and thank several people who contributed significantly to the production of this Review. Dan McPhee (DFO) undertook the overall coordination of this project and was instrumental in seeing this project through to completion from beginning to end. Johannie Duhaime and Alex Tuen were also actively involved in various aspects of this project. We would also like to thank the AAC office staff (Catriona McLanaghan) and Publications Committee for their support. G. Jay Parsons, PhD Tillmann Benfey, PhD Ecosystems and Oceans Science Sector President Fisheries and Oceans Canada Aquaculture Association of Canada CANADIAN AQUACULTURE R&D REVIEW 2017 FINFISH: FRESHWATER 3 FINFISH: FRESHWATER Ontario’s Contributions to a Bi-National Initiative Improving the Growth, Health, and Survival of Evaluation of Four Commercial Starter Feeds for to Restore Bloater (Coregonus hoyi), an Extirpated Tilapia in a Greenhouse-Enclosed Intensive Rainbow Trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) Held Under Species, to Lake Ontario Recirculating Aquaculture System Typical Commercial Hatchery Conditions Development of Walleye (Sander vitreus) Intensive The Development of Fast Growing, Late Maturing, The Effects of Light Emitting Diodes on the Culture Techniques to Enable Increased and Salinity Tolerant Strains of Arctic Charr Growth and Feeding Behaviour of Rainbow Production to Meet Demands Trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) Change in Rainbow Trout Phosphorus Proprietary Infection Model for Saprolegnia Absorption: Physiological Adaptations to Modulation of the Metabolism and Digestive Research Via in Vitro and in Vivo Systems a Phosphorus Deficiency Capacity of the Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) Through Dietary Restriction Reducing the Problem of Early Sexual Aquastats: Ontario Aquaculture Statistics Program Maturation in Arctic Charr Overview on the Improvement of the Fraser Strain Development of Predictive Modeling Tools to of Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) at the Coastal Assist with Freshwater Aquaculture Site Decisions Zones Research Institute Impacts of Stocking Density on the Welfare Evaluating Four Commercially Available and Production Performance of Arctic Charr Rainbow Trout Diets on the Growth and Feed (Salvelinus alpinus) Conversion of Ontario Domestic Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 4 FINFISH: FRESHWATER CANADIAN AQUACULTURE R&D REVIEW 2017 Ontario’s Contributions to a Bi-National Initiative to Restore Bloater (Coregonus hoyi), an Extirpated Species, to Lake Ontario istorically, Lake Ontario was home to variety of diet and temperature trials four species of Deepwater Ciscoes conducted over the next four years resulted H(Coregonus spp.), a group of species in significant improvements in performance. related to Lake Whitefish. Collectively, these Six year classes of brood stock have now species formed the cornerstone of the deep been established. While both sexes have water prey-fish community. Unfortunately, all shown signs of maturation, the timing and four species were extirpated from the lake in degree of maturation has been variable. the last century. Hormone induction and cryopreservation In 2010, the Ontario Ministry of Natural studies are now underway in collaboration Resources and Forestry (MNRF) and the with the University of Windsor. This research Bloater (Coregonus hoyi) yearling. New York State Department of Environmental aims to restore a self-sustaining Bloater Photo: MNRF Conservation developed a draft plan to population within 25 years. restore Deepwater Ciscoes to Lake Ontario which, if successful, would increase the DATE: JAN. 2011–JAN. 2020 availability of prey to native predators like FUNDED BY: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Lake Trout and Atlantic Salmon. Initial efforts and Forestry (MNRF) were to focus on Bloater (C. hoyi). In winter 2011 and 2012, MNRF received CO-FUNDED BY: Canada-Ontario Agreement; Great Lake Fish and Wildlife Restoration Act its first fertilized gametes collected from wild populations in Lake Michigan. Given the PROJECT LEAD: Kevin Loftus (MNRF) challenge of collecting gametes at this time PROJECT TEAM: Tim Drew, Ryan Zheng, of year, a decision was made to set aside Jennifer Smith, Jake Ruegg, Matt Brailey, some surviving fish from each year class to Brian Rosborough, Chris Wilson (MNRF) begin developing brood stocks. Initial culture COLLABORATORS: NYSDEC; USFWS; USGS; Great efforts were aimed simply