Douglas-fir What Science Can Tell Us – an option for Europe Heinrich Spiecker, Marcus Lindner and Johanna Schuler (editors) What Science Can Tell Us 9 2019 What Science Can Tell Us Lauri Hetemäki, Editor-In-Chief Georg Winkel, Associate Editor Pekka Leskinen, Associate Editor Minna Korhonen, Managing Editor The editorial office can be contacted at [email protected] Layout: Grano Oy / Jouni Halonen Printing: Grano Oy Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the European Forest Institute. ISBN 978-952-5980-65-3 (printed) ISBN 978-952-5980-66-0 (pdf) Douglas-fir What Science Can Tell Us – an option for Europe Heinrich Spiecker, Marcus Lindner and Johanna Schuler (editors) Funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union This publication is based upon work from COST Action FP1403 NNEXT, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). www.cost.eu Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................9 Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................11 Executive summary ...........................................................................................................13 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................17 Heinrich Spiecker and Johanna Schuler 2. Douglas-fir distribution in Europe ............................................................................. 21 Chapter editor: Marcela van Loo 2.1 History of introducing Douglas-fir to Europe ............................................... 21 Marcela van Loo and Dorota Dobrowolska 2.2 Current situation .............................................................................................26 Marcela van Loo and Dorota Dobrowolska 2.3 Douglas-fir’s role in European forests in the 21st century .............................30 Marcela van Loo and Dorota Dobrowolska 3. Douglas-fir ecology ........................................................................................................33 Chapter editor: Valeriu-Norocel Nicolescu 3.1 Natural range, site requirements and shade tolerance ..................................33 Valeriu-Norocel Nicolescu 3.2 Potential of Douglas-fir under climate change ............................................. 40 Jean-Charles Bastien 3.3 Genecology of Douglas-fir and tree improvement strategies ...................... 46 Monika Konnert and Jean-Charles Bastien 3.4 Impact of Douglas-fir on forests and open land habitats ............................. 57 Thomas Wohlgemuth, Julian Hafner, Anke Höltermann, Barbara Moser, Stefan Nehring and Andreas Rigling 3.5 Pests and diseases in the native and European range of Douglas-fir ..........63 Alain Roques, Marie-Anne Auger-Rozenberg, Paolo Capretti, Daniel Sauvard, Nicola La Porta and Alberto Santini 4. Management of Douglas-fir and technological properties of its wood .................... 73 Chapter editor: Ulrich Kohnle 4.1 Management of Douglas-fir ............................................................................ 73 Ulrich Kohnle, Joachim Klädtke and Bruno Chopard 5 WHAT SCIENCE CAN TELL US 4.2 Douglas-fir biomass production and carbon sequestration .........................84 Jean-Charles Bastien 4.3 Technological properties of Douglas-fir wood .............................................. 89 Jean-Marc Henin, Caroline Pollet, Uwe Schmitt, Jan-Henning Blohm, Gerald Koch, Eckhard Melcher, Johannes Welling, Franka Brüchert, Ulrich Kohnle and Udo Hans Sauter 5. Economic and social aspects of growing Douglas-fir ............................................... 99 Chapter editor: Norbert Weber 5.1 Economics of growing Douglas-fir ................................................................ 99 Jorie Knook and Marc Hanewinkel 5.2 An (un)welcome guest – perception of Douglas-fir in seven European countries from the perspectives of forestry and nature conservation ........ 105 Jakob Derks 5.3 Douglas-fir discourse in Germany ................................................................ 111 Klaus Pukall 5.4 Certification initiatives for Douglas-fir products ..........................................117 Mauro Masiero and Davide Pettenella 6 Volume editors Heinrich Spiecker, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Germany Marcus Lindner, European Forest Institute Johanna Schuler, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Germany Chapter editors and authors Executive summary Heinrich Spiecker, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Germany Chapter 1 Heinrich Spiecker, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Germany Johanna Schuler, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Germany Chapter 2 Dorota Dobrowolska, Forest Research Institute, Poland Marcela van Loo, University of Vienna, Austria Chapter 3 Marie-Anne Auger-Rozenberg, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France Jean-Charles Bastien, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France Paolo Capretti, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection – C.N.R., Italy and Università di Firenze, Italy Julian Hafner, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Switzerland Anke Höltermann, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Germany Nicola La Porta, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Italy and MOUNTFOR Project Centre for the European Forest Institute Monika Konnert, Bavarian Institute for Forest Seeding and Planting (ASP), Germany Barbara Moser, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Switzerland Stefan Nehring, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Germany Valeriu-Norocel Nicolescu, University of Brașov, Romania Andreas Rigling, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Switzerland Alain Roques, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France Alberto Santini, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection – C.N.R., Italy Daniel Sauvard, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France Thomas Wohlgemuth, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Switzerland 7 WHAT SCIENCE CAN TELL US Chapter 4 Jean-Charles Bastien, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France Jan-Henning Blohm, Thünen Institute of Wood Research, Germany Franka Brüchert, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany Bruno Chopard, National Forests Office, France Jean-Marc Henin, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Public Service of Wallonia, Belgium Gerald Koch, Thünen Institute of Wood Research, Germany Ulrich Kohnle, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany Joachim Klädtke, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany Eckhard Melcher, Thünen Institute of Wood Research, Germany Caroline Pollet, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Belgium Udo Hans Sauter, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany Uwe Schmitt, Thünen Institute of Wood Research, Germany Johannes Welling, Thünen Institute of Wood Research, Germany Chapter 5 Jakob Derks, European Forest Institute Marc Hanewinkel, University of Freiburg, Germany Jorie Knook, University of Freiburg, Germany Mauro Masiero, University of Padova, Italy Davide Pettenella, University of Padova, Italy Klaus Pukall, Technical University Munich, Germany Norbert Weber, Technical University Dresden, Germany 8 Preface It is expected that European forests provide renewable resources for the bioeconomy, ensure biodiversity and other ecosystem services while help us to mitigate and adapt to and mitigate climate change. Choosing the adequate tree species is one tool to reach this aim. Not only native but also non-native tree species may serve these purposes. However, non-native tree species are associated with less experience, higher risk and uncertain- ty and potentially invasive harming of the native ecosystem. Therefore, European forest policy makers and practitioners require science-based knowledge in order to make bet- ter informed decisions regarding the future use of fast-growing, valuable but non-na- tive tree species with uncertain consequences for indigenous ecosystems while having a better understanding of the role some non-native tree species can play in providing different ecosystem services, including biomass in a context of rapidly changing envi- ronment. This book provides science-based support for decision-making by synthesiz- ing relevant research results on various aspects of growing non-native tree species in Europe using Douglas-fir as an example. Marc Palahí Director, European Forest Institute 9 Acknowledgements The idea of publishing a book on Douglas-fir came up during the conference on “Opportunities and risks of Douglas-fir in a changing climate”, 18–20 October 2010 in Freiburg, Germany, organised by Ulrich Kohnle, Kaisu Makkonen-Spiecker, Heinrich Spiecker and Konstantin von Teuffel. In a follow-up workshop “DougOP” on Douglas-fir on 12 September 2013 in Elmstein, Germany, organised by Burkhard Steckel, the idea was further elaborated. This was followed by a conference on “Potential of Douglas-fir cultiva- tion and benefits for the forest ecosystems management in Europe”, 9–12 June 2014 near Prague, Czech Republic, organised by Vilém Podrázský. During this time Johanna Schuler strongly supported the concept development of the book. Marcus Lindner made many suggestions for improving the quality of the book. The COST Action FP1403 NNEXT on ”Non-native Tree Species