TransAntiquity TransAntiquity explores transgender practices, in particular cross-dressing, and their literary and figurative representations in antiquity. It offers a ground-breaking study of cross-dressing, both the social practice and its conceptualization, and its interaction with normative prescriptions on gender and sexuality in the ancient Mediterranean world. Special attention is paid to the reactions of the societies of the time, the impact transgender practices had on individuals’ symbolic and social capital, as well as the reactions of institutionalized power and the juridical systems. The variety of subjects and approaches demonstrates just how complex and widespread “transgender dynamics” were in antiquity. Domitilla Campanile (PhD 1992) is Associate Professor of Roman History at the University of Pisa, Italy. Filippo Carlà-Uhink is Lecturer in Classics and Ancient History at the University of Exeter, UK. After studying in Turin and Udine, he worked as a lecturer at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, and as Assistant Professor for Cultural History of Antiquity at the University of Mainz, Germany. Margherita Facella is Associate Professor of Greek History at the University of Pisa, Italy. She was Visiting Associate Professor at Northwestern University, USA, and a Research Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at the University of Münster, Germany. Routledge monographs in classical studies Menander in Contexts Athens Transformed, 404–262 BC Edited by Alan H. Sommerstein From popular sovereignty to the dominion of the elite Consumerism in the Ancient World Phillip Harding Imports and identity construction Justin St. P. Walsh Translating Classical Plays The collected papers Apuleius and Africa J. Michael Walton Edited by Benjamin Todd Lee, Ellen Finkelpearl and Luca Graverini Forthcoming: Lucian and his Roman Voices Resemblance and Reality in Greek Cultural exchanges and conflicts in Thought the Late Roman Empire Edited by Arum Park Eleni Bozia The Animal and the Human in Ancient Theology and Existentialism in and Modern Thought Aeschylus Stephen T. Newmyer Written in the cosmos Richard Rader Childhood in Antiquity Lesley Beaumont, Nicola Harrington and Rome and Provincial Resistance Matthew Dillon Gil Gambash Athens The Origins of Ancient Greek Science The city as university Michael Boylan Niall Livingstone TransAntiquity Cross-dressing and Transgender Dynamics in the Ancient World Edited by Domitilla Campanile, Filippo Carlà-Uhink, and Margherita Facella First published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Domitilla Campanile, Filippo Carlà-Uhink, and Margherita Facella The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Campanile, Domitilla, editor. | Carlà-Uhink, Filippo, editor. | Facella, Margherita, editor. Title: Transantiquity : cross-dressing and transgender dynamics in the ancient world / edited by Domitilla Campanile, Filippo Carlà-Uhink, and Margherita Facella. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge. | Series: Routledge monographs in classical studies | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016017614 | ISBN 9781138941205 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315673844 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Transvestism—Mediterranean Region—History. | Transgenderism—Mediterranean Region—History. | Sex—Mediterranean Region—History. | Civilization, Ancient. | Mediterranean Region— Civilization. | Mediterranean Region—History. Classification: LCC HQ77.2.M53 T73 | DDC 306.77/8—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016017614 ISBN: 978-1-138-94120-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-67384-4 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Keystroke, Neville Lodge, Tettenhall, Wolverhampton Contents List of contributors vii Preface xi DOMITILLA CAMPANILE, FILIPPO CARLÀ-UHINK, AND MARGHERITA FACELLA PART I Transgender dynamics in the ancient social and political space 1 1 “Between the human and the divine”: Cross-dressing and transgender dynamics in the Graeco-Roman world 3 FILIPPO CARLÀ-UHINK 2 Cross-dressing in Rome between norm and practice 38 ANDREA RAGGI 3 The patrician, the general and the emperor in women’s clothes: Examples of cross-dressing in Late Republican and Early Imperial Rome 52 DOMITILLA CAMPANILE 4 Cross-dressers in control: Transvestism, power and the balance between the sexes in the literary discourse of the Roman Empire 65 MARTIJN ICKS PART II Ancient transgender dynamics and the sacred sphere 83 5 Cross-dressing and the sexual symbolism of the divine sphere in pharaonic Egypt 85 VALERIO SIMINI vi Contents 6 Aspects of transvestism in Greek myths and rituals 99 FIORELLA LA GUARDIA 7 Beyond ritual: Cross-dressing between Greece and the Orient 108 MARGHERITA FACELLA 8 Cross-dressing as discourse and symbol in late antique religion and literature 121 CHIARA O. TOMMASI PART III Transgender as subversive literary discourse 135 9 “O saffron robe, to what pass have you brought me!”: Cross-dressing and theatrical illusion in Aristophanes’ Thesmophoriazusae 137 ENRICO MEDDA 10 Declaiming and (cross-)dressing: Remixing Roman declamation and its metaphorology 152 CHRISTIAN STOFFEL 11 Imperatrix and bellatrix: Cicero’s Clodia and Vergil’s Camilla 164 BOBBY XINYUE PART IV Transgender myth 179 12 The hero’s white hands: The early history of the myth of Achilles on Scyros 181 FABIO GUIDETTI 13 Hercules cinaedus?: The effeminate hero in Christian polemic 202 ALEXANDRA EPPINGER Bibliography 215 Index 244 Index of sources 251 Contributors Domitilla Campanile (PhD Ancient History 1992) is Associate Professor at the University of Pisa, where she has taught courses on Roman history, historical geography, and history of ancient historiography since 2001. Campanile’s main research areas include republican political history, the economic and social history of Asia Minor, religion in Asia Minor, the imperial cult, cultural life during the Early Empire, the Second Sophistic, Roman histo- riography, the reception of classics in Hollywood movies, and the presence of Greek myth and literature in popular culture. She is an advisory editor for Studi Classici e Orientali and ClassicoContemporaneo. Filippo Carlà-Uhink is Lecturer in Classics and Ancient History at the University of Exeter. After studying in Turin and Udine, he worked as a lecturer at the University of Heidelberg and as Assistant Professor for Cultural History of Antiquity at the University of Mainz. His main research areas are the social and economic history of the Roman world, the history of the Roman Republic, the cultural history of ancient Rome, with particular attention to space concepts and the construction of space, as well as the construction of normative social behaviours and values, and the reception of antiquity in modern media. Among his publications are L’oro nella tarda antichità. Aspetti economici e sociali (Zamorani 2009), Questioni tardoantiche. Storia e mito della “svolta costan- tiniana” (with M. G. Castello, Aracne 2010), Economia e finanza a Roma (with A. Marcone, Il Mulino 2011), as well as the articles “Pasolini, Aristotle and Freud: Filmed Drama between Psychoanalysis and ‘Neoclassicism’” (in I. Berti and M. G. Morcillo (eds) Hellas on Screen, Steiner 2008); “Milan, Ravenna, Rome: Some Reflections on the Cult of the Saints and of Civic Politics in Late Antique Italy” (in Rivista di Storia e Letteratura Religiosa 45(2), 2010, pp. 197–272); “Pomerium, fines and ager Romanus: Understanding Rome’s First Boundary” (in Latomus 74, 2015, pp. 599–630). He edited the collective books Gift Giving and the “Embedded” Economy in the Ancient World (with M. Gori, Winter 2014) and Caesar, Attila und Co.: Comics und die Antike (Philipp von Zabern 2014). Alexandra Eppinger is a teaching fellow in Ancient History at the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, where she teaches courses on Roman history and viii Contributors numismatics. She was awarded a PhD in Classical Archaeology by the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg in 2013. Her dissertation focused on the role of Hercules in Late Antiquity, and was published as Hercules in der Spätantike. Die Rolle des Heros im Spannungsfeld von Heidentum und Christentum (Harrassowitz 2015). Her research interests include late antique cultural history, ancient discourses on sexuality and gender, the intersection of pagan and early Christian practices, and atheism in antiquity. Margherita Facella is Associate Professor of Greek History at the University of Pisa. She was Visiting Associate Professor at the Northwestern University (Chicago, IL) and a research fellow of the Alexander