Postal Communications from the United Kingdom to Italy 1840 -1874 This exhibit addresses the postal communications between the United Kingdom and Italy, focusing on the complex historical period from 1840 to 1874. These dates saw the introduction Section 1 - Old States Frame of the first postage stamp (1840), the explosion of the industrial revolution in Britain, and the struggle of the Italian states to gain national unity after the Congress of Vienna. During this Chapter 1 - Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1 time, new and much faster ways of communication (mostly the train and the steamship) co- Chapter 2 - Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1 existed with the remnants of old agreements, or in some cases the lack thereof, which allowed for the mail to be carried at different rates and through different routes and different countries. Chapter 3 - States of the Church & Rome 1 The result is a complex, fascinating array of rates and routes that this exhibit aims to describe. Chapter 4 - Duchies of Parma, Modena and Lucca 2 Chapter 5 - Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia 2 Chapter 6 - Kingdom of Sardinia 2 Section 2 – Kingdom of Italy Chapter 7 - New Nation: Countrywide Rates 3 Chapter 8 - New Challenges: Cholera 3 Chapter 9 - New Challenges: The Impact of War 3 The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) reshaped Europe Essential Bibliography 1. Jane and Michael Moubray: British Letter Mail to Overseas Destination 1840-1875. RPSL, London 2018 2. Lewis Geoffrey: The 1836 Anglo-French Postal Convention, The Royal Philatelic Society London, 2015. The first section covers rates and routes separately for each of the following major Old 3. Robert Abensur: La Voie Franco-Sarde dans les Relations Internationales, 1818-1851, Acadèmie de Philatèlie 2017.. States: Two Sicilies, Tuscany, States of the Church & Rome, Parma, Modena and Lucca, 4. Mario Mentaschi, Thomas Mathà: Letter mail from and to the Old Italian States. Vaccari, Vignola 2008. Lombardy Venetia and Sardinia, covering the period 1840 to the time when each state 5. Mario Mentaschi, Vittorio Morani: Lettere scambiate fra la Toscana e il Regno Unito, 1850-1862; Vaccari Magazine joined the kingdom of Italy. n° 51, pag.60-68, 2014. The second section is simpler as it focuses on rates that had been unified for the entire 1 country, and it shows additionally the impact that disease and war had on postal routes. Chapter 1 – The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was created in 1814 by the Congress of Vienna and given to However, over the decades the combination of the yearning for national unity under Sardinia, Ferdinand I of Bourbon, the legitimate King of Naples and King of Sicily, who had been dethroned the emerging power that fought at the side of GB in the Crimean war, contributed to the shifting by Napoleon and replaced with Joseph Bonaparte. Great Britain was among the main promoters of British support from Naples to Turin. So Britain was supportive of Giuseppe Garibaldi who – of this solution at the Congress of Vienna; the relations between the two countries were always with his 1000 "red shirts“ militia - in 1860 set sail for Sicily and eventually captured the whole intense and cordial, and that is reflected in the exchange of mails. south of Italy- ‘giving’ it to the King of Sardinia and ending the Bourbon rule. 1849 from Liverpool to Naples via Savoy, Sardinia and Tuscany. Full prepayment being impossible, the sender could paid to Calais (5d, P in red oval). The balance was charged to the addressee (MS 23 grana) This 1840 letter from Comber, Ireland, franked 1d reached London on December 24th. On Christmas 2 day; it was forwarded to the Marquis of Londonderry in Naples at the current 1/7 rate (red MS 1/7) traveling through Savoy (Via di Pt. Beauvoisin), Sardinia, Genova and Leghorn (Corrisp.a Estera da Genova). This must have been among the first times that post officers along the route were seeing As of 2/1/1854 it became possible to prepay letters directed to the Two Sicilies to destination. The rate as of a postage stamp. The ’Penny Black’ – issued in May of that year – was intended for internal use 1/1/1857 was 11d. This letter to Palermo was franked only with 9d and hence the two-line “Insufficiently Stamped” Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Each weight paid 11d for registration. Here shown is an 1859 letter franked with a rate of 11d postage pus 11d for registration. This one The rate for items weighing between ½ and ¾ oz was 1/10, and each weight paid travelled via Marseille. Of note the three different CHARGE’ marks 11d for registration. Here shown is an 1857 letter via Marseilles, franked to destination with a rate of 1/10 plus 11dx2 ie. 44d (3s/8d). Of note the two sets of marks (Red PD, Registered/Crown, CHARGE’) In December 1851, when the letter here on the right was sent from Bridgenorth to Naples, prepayment to destination was still not possible for the Two Sicilies, but the sender could prepay to the Sardinian border. The rate for a letter between ¼ and ½ oz was 1/9 (21d). The letter traveled through Savoy, Genova, Leghorn and Civitavecchia (‘Transito per lo Stato Pontificio’). It was charged 23 grana upon arrival. The 10 d stamp was the first one to be issued for use on external mail (1848) The rate for heavier items weighing between ¾ and 1 oz was 2s/9d until 24 July 1860. This letter traveled from Leeds to Naples at that rate 3 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies According to the same agreement, double weight letters (between ¼ and ½ oz paid 1s/4d. This letter to Naples -shows several changes to the rate, a testimony to the uncertainty of a new rate. It was finally charged at 1s/4d, plus the late fee (1d stamp) Between 20 October 1860 and 1 June 1861 a rate for the transportation via Italian packet via Genoa was available. During these 8 months the single weight paid 8d, as this letter which was posted in Bristol on 16 Jan 1861. Of note the red boxed FRANCA still of Bourbon type. The letter arrived in Naples less than two months before the final capitulation of the Kingdom of Naples When General Garibaldi entered in Naples on 7 September 1860 (below) his victorious troops included a contingent of British volunteers (right) No uncertainties in London when franking this letter on the 11th of January 1861 with the correct rate of 1s/4d. Of note the fact that the letter took only 5 days in transit through France and Sardinia (MS in the upper left corner) in spite of the chaotic situation in in Italy in general and in Naples in particular 4 Chapter 2 – The Grand Duchy of Tuscany The Grand Duchy of Tuscany existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, After 168 years of rule by the Medici Although the Peace of Villafranca allowed Leopold to regain power, he abdicated in favor of his elder son, Ferdinand family, in 1737 Tuscany passed under the Habsburg Lorraine domination. In 1797 the Treaty of Campo Formio put it IV, whose reign didn't last long. The House of Habsburg was formally deposed by the National Assembly on 16 August . under Napoleonic rule as Kingdom of Etruria. The Grand Duchy was reinstated by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. 1859. In December 1859 the Grand Duchy was joined to the Duchies of Modena and Parma to form the United When in 1859 the Second Austro-Sardinian war broke out, the current Grand Duke Leopold II – who was brother of the Provinces of Central Italy, which were annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia on 22 March 1860 when a referendum Austrian Emperor - espoused Austria's cause. Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia captured Tuscany in its entirety. voted for the union with Sardinia, and Tuscany thus ceased to exist as an independent state. 21/8/1840 from Manchester via London (red “PAID/ 22AU22/ 1840”) via Calais and Pont de Beauvoisin to Leghorn prepaid 1s/7d as per the 1838 French convention. Late fee was paid with a copy of the ‘penny black’, the first ever postage stamp, issued only a few weeks earlier. The letter weighed 6 denari (MS in the upper left corner), so 18 crazie were charged upon its delivery As of 1/2/1858, a rate of 7d was established for single rate letters (¼ of an ounce) paid to destination from the UK to Tuscany (Straight boxed Prepaid and oval PD on this letter sent from London to Florence on 5 July 1858). Under the Anglo-Sardinian Convention these letters paid 10 cents to the Kingdom of Sardinia and 20 cents to Tuscany for a total credit of 30 cents (red MS ‘30’) Ferdinand IV the last Archduke 1847 from London to Pisa prepaid to the Tuscan - Sardinian border of Sarzana (“FRANCO SARZANA”) This letter weighted between ¼ and ½ ounce so it was a single rate for UK and a double rate for France and Sardinia as per the manuscript notation in the upper left corner for a total amount of 2s1d paid to ‘destination’ from the sender in London (red British PD in oval). Eight crazie charged upon local delivery, the The rate increased by 7d for each ¼ oz; above is an example of a double rate letter 5 1836 rate for prepaid UK letters via France to the Sarzana Frontier (red Tuscan PF in the upper right corner) ( ½ oz), which paid one shilling and two pence (i.e. 7dx2) plus a one penny late fee Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1857 from Leeds to Florence via Belgium and Prussia, “AUS ENGLAND PER AACHEN)/ FRANCO”.