CITY OF PACIFIC GROVE HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT PACIFIC GROVE, CALIFORNIA Prepared for CITY OF PACIFIC GROVE 31 OCTOBER 2011 FINAL Cover Image: Pacific Improvement Company Brochure, “Pacific Grove on Monterey Bay,” 1915 (Located in Monterey County Public Library, California History Room) CITY OF PACIFIC GROVE HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT Final 31 October 2011 Prepared for: City of Pacific Grove 300 Forest Avenue Pacific Grove, CA 93950 http://www.ci.pg.ca.us/ Prepared by: Page & Turnbull, Inc. 1000 Sansome Street, Suite 200 San Francisco, CA 94111 http://www.page-turnbull.com/ Approved by Pacific Grove City Council on October 19, 2011 Mayor Carmelita Garcia | Bill Kampe | Alan Cohen | Ken Cuneo Rudy Fischer | Robert Huitt | Daniel Miller Thomas Frutchey, City Manager THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Historic Context Statement – Final City of Pacific Grove Pacific Grove, California TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...............................................................................1 I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................3 A. PROJECT BACKGROUND & PURPOSE ...................................................... 3 B. DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHICAL AREA ................................................... 4 C. METHODOLOGY & RESEARCH ................................................................. 6 PROJECT TEAM ......................................................................................................................7 D. HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT.............................................................. 8 II. PREVIOUS SURVEYS, STUDIES AND REPORTS................................9 A. HISTORIC RESOURCES INVENTORY (HRI) & PG MUNICIPAL CODE §23.76................................................................... 10 B. PACIFIC GROVE GENERAL PLAN: PRESERVATION ELEMENT.............. 10 C. HERITAGE SOCIETY SURVEYS.................................................................. 11 D. OTHER STUDIES & RESOURCES .............................................................. 11 III. GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION .......................................................13 A. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT THEMES...................................................... 13 RELATING THEMES WITH PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT ..............................................13 B. SUMMARY OF PROPERTY TYPES ............................................................. 16 C. EVALUATION CRITERIA............................................................................ 17 NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES & CALIFORNIA REGISTER OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES....................................................17 HISTORIC RESOURCES INVENTORY (HRI).......................................................................19 INTEGRITY............................................................................................................................20 31 October 2011 Page & Turnbull, Inc. i Historic Context Statement – Final City of Pacific Grove Pacific Grove, California IV. HISTORIC CONTEXT..........................................................................23 A. NATIVE AMERICAN AND SPANISH PERIODS (PRE-1821) ...................... 23 NATIVE AMERICAN PERIOD...............................................................................................23 SPANISH PERIOD .................................................................................................................25 ASSOCIATED PROPERTY TYPES & REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS ...........................30 B. MEXICAN AND EARLY AMERICAN PERIODS (1821-1872)..................... 33 MEXICAN PERIOD (1821 – 1846) .......................................................................................33 EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD (1846 – 1872) .........................................................................35 ASSOCIATED PROPERTY TYPES & REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS ...........................42 C. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF PACIFIC GROVE (1873 - 1902).................... 45 FORMATION OF THE PACIFIC GROVE RETREAT............................................................48 SURVEY AND SUBDIVISION ...............................................................................................49 THE FIRST CAMP MEETING................................................................................................52 DEVELOPMENT UNDER DAVID JACKS.............................................................................53 THE ARRIVAL OF THE CHAUTAUQUA.............................................................................55 THE PACIFIC IMPROVEMENT COMPANY ........................................................................58 FROM SUMMER TENTS TO COTTAGES ...........................................................................60 EARLY COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................64 THE FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD ADDITIONS ...............................................................68 THE EL CARMELO HOTEL..................................................................................................69 1888: A MOMENT IN TIME..................................................................................................71 BECOMING A CITY..............................................................................................................73 RAIL SERVICE ARRIVES IN PACIFIC GROVE.......................................................................75 PACIFIC GROVE’S EARLY CHURCHES...............................................................................77 TURN OF THE CENTURY GROWTH.................................................................................80 THE 1900 CENSUS ...............................................................................................................92 THE CHINESE IN PACIFIC GROVE.....................................................................................93 ASSOCIATED PROPERTY TYPES & REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS (1873 – 1902) ...96 31 October 2011 Page & Turnbull, Inc. ii Historic Context Statement – Final City of Pacific Grove Pacific Grove, California D. PACIFIC GROVE COMES OF AGE (1903 - 1926).................................... 115 EXPANSION OF THE BUSINESS DISTRICT .....................................................................119 LOVERS POINT REMADE ..................................................................................................123 THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CHINESE FISHING VILLAGE...........................................127 NEW ADDITIONS TO THE CITY......................................................................................130 CIVIC IMPROVEMENTS .....................................................................................................135 PACIFIC GROVE’S PAINTERS ............................................................................................144 DEVELOPMENT OF ASILOMAR........................................................................................146 WORLD WAR I....................................................................................................................148 DEL MONTE PROPERTIES ................................................................................................149 TRANSITIONS IN RESIDENTIAL DESIGN ........................................................................152 END OF THE CHAUTAUQUA..........................................................................................155 RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................................156 A PEAK IN COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................158 THE ADVENT OF THE AUTOMOBILE.............................................................................162 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ..........................................................................................166 ASSOCIATED PROPERTY TYPES & REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS (1903 – 1926) .170 E. CITY OF HOMES (1927 - 1945)................................................................. 193 PUBLIC OWNERSHIP OF THE WATERFRONT ...............................................................196 DEPRESSION-ERA CIVIC PROJECTS.................................................................................197 FROM AUTO CAMPS TO COTTAGE COURTS...............................................................205 RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT.........................................................................................207 COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................211 CANNERY ROW & JOHN STEINBECK.............................................................................213 RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................................216 WORLD WAR II...................................................................................................................217 ASSOCIATED PROPERTY TYPES & REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS (1927 – 1945) .220 31 October 2011 Page & Turnbull, Inc. iii Historic Context Statement – Final City of Pacific Grove Pacific Grove, California F. SUBURBAN EXPANSION (1946 -1966) ................................................... 239 RESIDENTIAL EXPANSION ...............................................................................................242 COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................245 MIDCENTURY REDEVELOPMENT...................................................................................245