Women’s empowerment in aquaculture Two case studies from Indonesia Women’s empowerment in aquaculture Two case studies from Indonesia Engagement, outcomes, and constraining and enabling factors for women in shrimp farming and fish processing Prepared by: Irna Sari (independent consultant) and Cynthia McDougall (WorldFish) with Surendran Rajaratnam (WorldFish) Technical support: Clara Mi Young Park (FAO) and Cynthia McDougall (WorldFish) Published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) also known as WorldFish TWO CASE STUDIES FROM INDONESIA iii The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or of International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) also known as WorldFish concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 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Cover photo: left ©Bernard Spragg, right ©Shutterstock iv WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT IN AQUACULTURE CONTENTS Contributors ......................................................................................................................................................x Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................x Abbreviations and acronyms .....................................................................................................................xi Executive summary ......................................................................................................................................xii 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background and objective of the study ...................................................................................3 1.1.1 Background ..............................................................................................................................3 1.1.2 Objective and study questions .........................................................................................3 1.2. Research methodology ................................................................................................................5 1.2.1 Scope of the study ................................................................................................................5 1.2.2 Case study selection .............................................................................................................5 1.2.3 Data collection and analysis methods ...........................................................................6 1.2.4 Limitation of the study .........................................................................................................8 2. The Indonesian context ...........................................................................................................................9 2.1 Overview of aquaculture in Indonesia ................................................................................... 11 2.2 Gender in the Indonesian socio-economic and policy contexts ................................ 14 2.3 Gender in the Indonesian aquaculture and agriculture sectors ................................. 18 3. Case study 1: Brackish water shrimp farming in Barru District ........................................... 21 3.1 Background and overview of shrimp farming in Barru District ................................. 23 3.2 Gendered categories of involvement and roles in shrimp farming households .... 29 3.2.1 Role categories and gender distribution of roles ................................................... 29 3.2.2 Gendered tasks and decision-making .......................................................................... 31 3.3 Factors influencing women’s participation in shrimp farming .................................. 36 3.3.1 Access to land (shrimp ponds) ...................................................................................... 39 3.3.2 Financial push-factors and options .............................................................................. 39 3.4 Benefits and costs for women ................................................................................................40 3.4.1 Benefits ...................................................................................................................................40 3.4.2 Negative outcomes and limitations .............................................................................44 3.5 Factors shaping success in aquaculture ............................................................................. 45 3.5.1 Local interpretations of ‘success’ and aspirations .................................................. 45 3.5.2 Factors shaping success ................................................................................................... 47 4. Case study 2: Homestead milkfish processing businesses ..................................................... 51 4.1 Background and overview of milkfish processing industry in Sidoarjo District ...................................................................................................................... 53 4.2 Gendered categories of involvement and roles in homestead processed milkfish industry ..................................................................................................... 59 4.3 Factors influencing women’s participation in homestead processed milkfish businesses ............................................................................................... 63 4.3.1 Fit with social and gender norms ................................................................................. 63 4.3.2 Access to raw material (resources) ..............................................................................64 4.3.3 Entrepreneurship, technology and training ..............................................................64 4.3.4 Financial factors and socio-economic status ........................................................... 65 TWO CASE STUDIES FROM INDONESIA v 4.4 Benefits and negative outcomes for women participating in processed milkfish businesses ...........................................................................................66 4.4.1 Benefits ...................................................................................................................................66 4.4.2 Negative outcomes and limitations .............................................................................. 71 4.5 Factors shaping success in milkfish processing ............................................................... 71 4.5.1 Local interpretations of ‘success’ and aspirations ................................................... 71 4.5.2 Factors shaping success ................................................................................................... 73 5. Lessons learned and recommendations ........................................................................................ 77 5.1 Women’s engagement and roles ........................................................................................... 79 5.2 Positive and negative outcomes of women’s participation ......................................... 81 5.2.1 Benefits .................................................................................................................................... 81 5.2.2 Limitations, costs and risks (negative outcomes) ................................................... 81 5.3 Enabling and constraining factors ........................................................................................ 82 5.3.1 Factors shaping participation in aquaculture .......................................................... 82 5.3.2 Factors influencing success and outcomes ..............................................................84 5.4 Recommendations .....................................................................................................................