This file has been cleaned of potential threats. If you confirm that the file is coming from a trusted source, you can send the following SHA-256 hash value to your admin for the original file. 7b60018dba3466f39d77440d854195cb6d0ef8349493e62d3f342fa4c19787a8 To view the reconstructed contents, please SCROLL DOWN to next page. PHARMACOLOGY II Menoufia University, Faculty of Pharmacy Course Specifications Program on which the course is given BSc in pharmaceutical sciences Major or minor element of program Major Department offering the course Pharmacology & toxicology Academic Year / Level Third year, Second semester A- Basic Information Title: pharmacology 1 Code: 4137 Credit Hours :4 Lecture: 3 Tutorial: Practical: 2 Total contact hours:5 B- Professional Information 1. Overall aims of the course Upon successful completion of this course, the students should be able to: - Understand the mechanism of action, uses and side effects of different drugs affecting central nervous system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system and blood. - Identify drugs affecting central nervous system in laboratory animals. 2. Intended learning outcomes of the course (ILOs) a- Knowledge and understanding: • a1- Describe the principles of drug affecting central nervous system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system and blood. • a2- Describe pharmacological action of drug affecting central nervous system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system and blood. • a3- List the therapeutic uses, adverse effects and dosage of drugs from different pharmacological classes. • a4- Describe disease state and management of it. • a5- Describe action of medicine within living system. 1 PHARMACOLOGY II Upon successful completion of this course, the student should be able to efficiently demonstrate the essential knowledge and understanding of: b- Intellectual skills • b1- Recognize the mechanism of action of different drugs. • b2- comprehend drug affects at all levels of biological organization • b3- Apply the basics of pharmacology and therapeutics to prepare a list of therapeutic drugs for the treatment of patients. • b4- predict all possible drug interaction. • b5- Assess any adverse reaction and contra-indication of different drugs. c- Professional and practical skills • c1- Use therapeutic agents in a rational & responsible manner in treatment of patients. • c2- Identify different drug classes. • c3- Select the drug of choice in different diseases. • c4- Assess the mechanism and pharmacological actions of drugs • c5- Advise the patient about dosage, food regimen, side effects of the drugs and drug interaction. • c6- Design the dosing regimen for patients based on the conditions of each individual patient. • C7- Employ library search, retrieval of information, and interpretation of experimental results. d- General and transferable skills • d1- Communicate in the health care team to avoid the adverse effects and interactions due to the use of drugs. • d2- Use information to recognize the basic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles of drugs. • d3- Develop skills needed to acquire and evaluate therapeutically relevant details of pharmacological agents in medical & pharmacy practice. • d 4- Retrieve information from a variety of sources, including libraries, databases and internet. • d 5- work independently or as a part of team in different pharmaceutical fields. • d6- Demonstrate oral and written communication skills. • d7- demonstrate creativity and time management skills. • d 8- Implementing presentation, writing reports and interviewing skills. 2 PHARMACOLOGY II 3. Contents Week Topic Total Lecture practical contact hours 1 Central neurotransmitters 4 2 2 2 Pharmacological actions of drugs acting on 4 2 2 central nervous system 3 Pharmacological actions of drugs acting on 4 2 2 central nervous system(cont.) 4 Pharmacological actions of drugs acting on 4 2 2 central nervous system (cont.) 5 Pharmacological actions of drugs acting on 4 2 2 central nervous system(cont.) 6 Pharmacological actions of drugs acting on 4 2 2 central nervous system (cont.) 7 Mid-term exam 8 Pharmacological actions of drugs acting on 4 2 2 central nervous system (cont.) 9 Pharmacological actions of drugs acting on 4 2 2 central nervous system (cont.) 10 Autacoids 4 2 2 11 Pharmacological actions of drugs acting on 4 2 2 non- steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs 12 Pharmacological actions of drugs acting on 4 2 2 gastrointestinal system 13 Pharmacological actions of drugs acting on 4 2 2 gastrointestinal system (cont.) 14 Pharmacological actions of drugs acting on 2 2 Practical respiratory system. exam 15 Pharmacological actions of drugs acting on 2 2 Practical blood disorders. exam 3 PHARMACOLOGY II Teaching and learning methods a. Lectures (√ ) b. Practical training / laboratory (√ ) c. Seminar / Workshop (√ ) d. Class Activity (√ ) Student assessment methods Written mid-term exam To assess The ability of students to follow-up the course subjects. Practical exam To assess The gained experience in laboratory methods and techniques. Oral exam To assess The ability of students in expressing and presenting their knowledge clearly and in systematic approach. Written final exam To assess The overall outcomes. Assessment schedule Assessment 1 Mid-term exam Week 7 Assessment 2 Practical exam Week 14,15 Assessment 3 Final exam Week 16,17 Assessment 4 Oral Week 16,17 Weighting or assessments Mid-Term Examination 10 % Final-Term Examination 50 % Oral Examination 20 % Practical Examination 15 % Semester Work 5 % Other types of assessment % Total 100 % 4 PHARMACOLOGY II List of references Course notes - Notes on pharmacology 3 rd year students. - Practical notes on pharmacology 3 rd year students. Essential books (text books) -The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (2008). Goodman & Gilman’s. 12 th edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies Recommended books - Basic & clinical pharmacology (2018). G. Katzung. 14th ed. Lavoisier S.A.S. -A. Harvey and, C.Champe-Lippincott Modern Pharmacology (2019).(illustrated pharmacology Review).7 th ed. Lippincott Denise R.Williams & Wilkins. Websites www. Medscape.com www. pubmed.com Facilities required for teaching and learning -Class rooms. -Laboratory facilities. –Library. - Projectors (Overhead, video projector) -Computers. –Internet. Course coordinator: Prof. Ahmed Mansour, ph.D. Dr. Shady N. Allam, ph.D. Dr. Marwa M. Mafouz, ph.D. Date: 8 / 2 /2020 5 PHARMACOLOGY II Neurotransmission in the CNS The basic functioning of neurons in the CNS is similar to that of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) described in first term. For example, transmission of information in both the CNS and in the periphery involves the release of neurotransmitters that diffuse across the synaptic cleft to bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. several major differences exist between neurons in the peripheral ANS and those in the CNS: • The circuitry of the CNS is more complex than that of the ANS. • The number of synapses in the CNS is far greater. • The CNS, unlike the peripheral ANS, contains networks of inhibitory neurons that are constantly active in modulating the rate of neuronal transmission. • The CNS communicates through the use of multiple neurotransmitters, whereas the ANS uses only two primary neurotransmitters, acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Neurotransmitters can be classified as either excitatory or inhibitory, depending on the nature of the action they elicit. Excitatory pathways Stimulation of excitatory neurons causes a movement of ions that results in a depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. These excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) are generated by the following: 1) Stimulation of an excitatory neuron causes the release of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate or acetylcholine, which bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane. This causes a transient increase in the permeability of sodium (Na+) ions. 6 PHARMACOLOGY II 2) The influx of Na+ causes a weak depolarization, or EPSP, that moves the postsynaptic potential toward its firing. 3) If the number of stimulated excitatory neurons increases, more excitatory neurotransmitter is released. generating an all-or-none action potential. Inhibitory pathways Stimulation of inhibitory neurons causes movement of ions that results in a hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. These inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) are generated by the following: 1) Stimulation of inhibitory neurons releases neurotransmitters, such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine, which bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane. This causes a transient increase in the permeability of specific ions, such as potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl−). 2) The influx of Cl− and efflux of K+ cause a weak hyperpolarization, or IPSP, that diminishes the generation of action potentials. Most neurons in the CNS receive both EPSP and IPSP input. Thus, several different types of neurotransmitters may act on the same neuron, but each binds to its own specific receptor. The overall action is the summation of the individual actions of the various neurotransmitters on the neuron. The neurotransmitters are not uniformly distributed in the CNS but are localized in specific clusters of neurons. 7 PHARMACOLOGY II Summary of neurotransmitter pharmacology in the central nervous system. Transmitter receptor agonist antagonist mechanism Acetylcholine Muscarinic (M) pilocarpine Atropine Inhibitory Nicotinic (N) Excitatory Dopamine Dopaminergic D1 - D2 Bromocriptine Metoclopramide Inhibitory GABA GABAA -