Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-13328-9 - Colonialism and Postcolonial Development: Spanish America in Comparative Perspective James Mahoney Index More information Index Abad people, 106 to Canada, 251; and contrasting Abernethy, David B., 2 levels of development in interior vs. Aborigines, 236 littoral, 132; and estancias, 127–8, Acemoglu, Daron, 13–14, 17–19, 234, 146; European migration to, 131, 264–5; quoted, 264 211; and exploitation of indigenous Adelman, Jeremy, 204; quoted, 203 population, 81; exports of, 128; Africa: British colonialism in, 236–7; financial institutions in, 126;and economic and social disaster in, 237, “free trade,” 125–6; gaucho workers 257; precolonial societies, 256 in, 127; GDP per capita of, 128, African population: as cause of liberal 210–12; “golden age” in, 128, 210, colonialism, 183, 201; in colonial 211; intendant system in, 126; Argentina, 125–6, 130; in colonial investments in education in, 224;lack Brazil, 245–6; in colonial Colombia, of dominance of large estates in, 127; 107–8, 160; in colonial El Salvador, landed class of, 127; literacy and life 95; colonial exploitation of, 53;in expectancy in, 222–4; livestock colonial Mexico, 58, 60; in colonial industry of, 82, 126–7, 130, 211; Peru, 67–9, 71; in colonial Uruguay, merchants in, 82, 126–8; 80; in United States, 236;inWest nation-building myths in, 224; Indies, precolonial societies in, 77–9; 238; see also slavery problems of industrialization in, 211, Alvarado, Pedro de, 94, 97 212; reversal of development in, 212; Amaral, Samuel, quoted, 128 silver exports of, 82–3; temperate Amsden, Alice, 9 agriculture of, 211; and timing of Andrews, George Reid, quoted, economic takeoff, 129; as “wealthier 191 nation of the world,” 210–12; see Andrien, Kenneth J., quoted, also Buenos Aires 329 Arias de Avila,´ Pedro (also Pedrarias Angola: as Portuguese colony, 242, Davila),´ 97 255–6 Armada, the Spanish Invincible, 36 Argentina: administrative reforms in, Ashanti Kingdom, 237 126; and the “Argentine question,” Atahualpa, king of Inca Empire, 66 211; capitalism in, 127; classified as Australia: as British colony, 235–6, liberal colonial center, 120, 259; 255; as a “new country,” 211–12; classified as mercantilist colonial rule of law in, 229, 235 periphery, 51, 256, 259; colonial Austria: GDP per capita of, settlement of, 81–2, 124–5; compared 210–11 383 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-13328-9 - Colonialism and Postcolonial Development: Spanish America in Comparative Perspective James Mahoney Index More information 384 Index Aymara people: conquest of, 73; 73–4, 165; relocation of indigenous descendants of, 166; organization of, people in, 74–5; Spaniard-Indian 72 bifurcation in, 165–6; tin exports Aztec Empire: borders of, 56, 59;as from, 217; and Viedma’s vision of cause of mercantilist colonialism, 52, reform, 163; and “worst life 115–17, 201, 254, 259;asgreat conditions in Spanish America,” 225; civilization, 1; mineral wealth of, 60; see also Aymara people; Potosı;´ silver organization of, 54–5, 155; structural mining vulnerabilities of, 56–7 borders, national: as cause of war, 197; and colonialism, 2; creation in backwardness, advantages of, 189;in Spanish America, 38–42, 190, 199, Costa Rica, 182, 193 203 Bairoch, Paul, quoted, 253 Bororo people, 244 Bakewell, Peter, quoted, 73, 76 Botswana, 6 Barbados, 238 Bourbon monarchy, Spanish: Bauer, Arnold J., quoted, 175, 197 agricultural backwardness of, 44;asa Bazant, Jan, quoted, 192 liberal power, 35, 44–6; see also Belalcazar,´ Sebastian´ de, 106 Bourbon reform, Spanish Belgium: as colonial power, 20, 229, Bourbon reform, Spanish: and 251; GDP per capita of, 210;as administration in the New World, 45, market for Argentine exports, 128 47; and the church, 45; and economic Bengal Kingdom, 239 policy, 45–6; and intendant system, Bengoa, Jose,´ quoted, 79 44–5; and landed elites, 44;andstate Bertino, Magdalena, quoted, 136 modernization, 44;andtrade Bolivia: classified as liberal colonial monopolies, 45–6 periphery, 121, 259; classified as bourgeoisie, colonial, 20, 29, 122, 140, mercantilist colonial center, 50, 256, 145, 169, 173, 186, 261, 267;origins 259; and collapse of indigenous of in Spain, 48, 126, 136; see also population, 75–6; discovery of silver merchants in, 73; effects of revolution in, Boyer, Richard, quoted, 58 218–19, 225; exploitation of Brading, D. A., quoted, 75, 297 indigenous labor in, 73–5, 165–6; Brazil, 89, 110, 230, 255–6; coffee export booms in, 217; GDP per production in, 250; and comparison capita of, 218; geographic between Rio de Janeiro and Buenos endowment of, 163; hacienda Aires, 249–50; economic “miracle” agriculture of, 76, 166;headtaxesin, in, 243; as foundation of Portuguese 166; and high growth in Santa Cruz, Empire, 242; GDP per capita of, 243, 218; intendant system of, 163; landed 250;goldminingin,247–9; Human elite of, 76, 164–5, 218, 261; literacy Development Index score for, 243; and life expectancy in, 225;andloss and Minas Gerais as colonial in war with Chile, 197; merchants of, semiperiphery, 248; planter class in, 76, 163–5, 261; mining economy of, 246–7, 250; precolonial population 68, 73–6, 162, 217–18, 261; of, 244; and relations with Spanish population decline in, 162; America, 127, 133–4;relocationof precolonial societies of, 72–3; Portuguese court to, 249;andRiode recession in, 162, 167; regional Janeiro as “slave capital of the variation in colonial settlement of, world,” 249; © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-13328-9 - Colonialism and Postcolonial Development: Spanish America in Comparative Perspective James Mahoney Index More information Index 385 slavery in, 245–8, 250;and 236; incompatibility with mercantilist subnational variation in colonialism, 236; as worldwide development, 243–4; sugar economy system, 22, 37, 253, 256 in, 153, 245–7, 249 Caquetio people, 89 Brazil Company, 246 Caracas Company, 136–9, 173 Britain, 20, 37, 114, 179, 181, 229; Cardoso, Ciro F. S., quoted, 194 commercial agriculture in, 231; Carmack, Robert M., 307 “commercial revolution” in, 231;and Carrillo, Braulio, 193, 195 direct vs. indirect rule, 23;and castas, see mestizo population divide-and-rule strategy, 237;and Castile, Kingdom of, see Spain English Revolution, 231; “Glorious Catalonia: as a center of Spanish Revolution” in, 231; and indirect liberalism, 45, 48, 134 colonial rule in Africa, 237; landlords Catholicism, see Church, Roman in, 231; as liberal colonizer, 229–31, Catholic 254–5; as market for Spanish Centeno, Miguel Angel, quoted, 189, American exports, 128, 157, 171; 191 merchants in, 231–2; as most prolific Cerrato, Alonso Lopez´ de, 103 colonizer, 230; and “social Ceylon, see Sri Lanka interpretation” of revolution in, 231; Chaco War, 220 in Spanish America and the Charles I, king of England, 231 Caribbean, 46, 80, 99, 109, 125, Charles III, king of Spain, 35, 44–6, 48, 138, 156, 180; and types of colonies, 177 235; and war with Spain, 36, 157, Charles V, emperor of Holy Roman 171; as world hegemon, 22, 36, 44 Empire (also Charles I of Spain), 36, Brown, Jonathan, 128 38 Browning, David, quoted, 177 Charrua´ people, 77, 135 Buenos Aires: founding of, 82;asa Chevalier, Franc¸ois, 60 liberal center, 121, 130;asa Chibcha people, see Muisca people mercantilist periphery, 82;as child mortality: in Spanish America, 222 strategic port, 125 Chile: classified as liberal colonial Buganda society, 237 periphery, 121, 259; classified as Bulmer-Thomas, Victor, 212 mercantilist colonial periphery, 51, Burkholder, Mark A., 48; quoted, 120 256, 259; colonial militarization in, 84–5; colonial settlement of, 85; Cabezas Carcache, Horacio, quoted, copper exports in, 196–7; effects of 104 postcolonial warfare in, 190, 196–7, Cabral, Pedro Alvares,´ 244 200, 262; exploitation of indigenous Canada, 132; as British colony, 235–6, labor in, 83, 85–6, 176; and “free 255; compared to Argentina, 251;as trade,” 175; GDP per capita of, 212; a “new country,” 211–12;ruleoflaw haciendas in, 197; inequality in, 197; in, 229, 235 and international depression Canar˜ people, 110 (mid-1870s), 197; investments in capitalism: on the Argentine pampas, education in, 224; landed elites in, 127–8; definitions of, 22, 127; 86, 175;late dependence of on state, 268;and colonial population growth in, 175; free-market doctrines, 268; liberal dominance in, 196; limited incompatibility with indirect rule, colonial imprinting in, 190, 200; © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-13328-9 - Colonialism and Postcolonial Development: Spanish America in Comparative Perspective James Mahoney Index More information 386 Index Chile (cont.): literacy and life construction under mercantilism, expectancy in, 222–4; merchants in, 53–4, 256, 260; as product of 86, 175, 196; mining economy of, 83, institutions, 17, 19, 256, 351; see 85, 175; nation-building myths in, also bourgeoisie, colonial; indigenous 224; nitrate mines of, 197; population; landed elite; merchants; precolonial societies in, 79;as“the mine owners Prussia of the Pacific,” 197; recent Collier, Simon, quoted, 83, 196 high growth in, 213; temperate Colmenares, German,´ 108; quoted, climate of, 83; and Valparaıso´ as a 109 strategic port, 175, 196; wars with Colombia: African slave labor in, 108; Mapuche in, 83–4 and Cartagena as a strategic port, Chiquito people, 163 158; classified as liberal colonial Chitatero people, 105 semiperiphery,