5G PPP Technology Board Edge Computing for 5G Networks 5GPPP Technology Board Working Group 5G-IA’s Trials Working Group Edge Computing for 5G Networks Version 1.0 Date: 29-01-2021 Version: 1.0 DOI 10.5281/zenodo.3698117 URL https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3698117 Dissemination level: Public Page 1 / 96 5G PPP Technology Board Edge Computing for 5G Networks Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 4 1. Introduction - Why Edge Computing is key for 5G and beyond............................ 6 1.1 What is Edge Computing ............................................................................... 6 1.2 Why is Edge Computing critical for 5G ....................................................... 7 1.3 Where is the Edge of the Network ................................................................ 9 1.4 How does the Edge look like? ...................................................................... 12 1.5 Introduction to the 5G Edge Cloud Ecosystem.......................................... 13 2. Key Technologies for 5G on Edge Computing ..................................................... 15 2.1 Resources Virtualization framework .......................................................... 15 2.1.1 Virtual Machines and Containerization ................................................................................... 15 2.1.2 Lightweight virtualization ....................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Orchestration framework ............................................................................ 19 2.2.1 Kubernetes ............................................................................................................................... 20 2.2.2 OSM ......................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.3 ONAP ...................................................................................................................................... 23 2.3 Networking programmability framework.................................................. 23 2.3.1 SDN for Edge Computing ....................................................................................................... 24 2.3.2 Data plane programmability .................................................................................................... 24 2.4 Acceleration at the Edge: The Need for High Performance at the Edge. 27 2.4.1 FPGA as a Platform to Accelerate Edge Computing............................................................... 28 2.4.2 Direct Memory Access on FPGA ............................................................................................ 28 2.4.3 Seamless Virtualized Acceleration Layer ................................................................................ 29 2.5 Operations at the Edge ................................................................................. 30 2.5.1 From DevOps to Dev-for-Operations ...................................................................................... 30 2.5.2 DevSecOps and Edge Computing ........................................................................................... 33 2.5.3 Monitoring ............................................................................................................................... 34 3. Edge Computing and Security............................................................................... 37 3.1 Key security threats induced by virtualization .......................................... 37 3.2 Security of the MEC infrastructure ............................................................ 38 3.2.1 MEC specific threats................................................................................................................ 39 3.2.2 E2E slice security in the context of MEC ................................................................................ 39 3.3 New trends in virtualization techniques ..................................................... 39 3.4 Integrity and remote attestation .................................................................. 42 3.5 Remediation to introspection attacks by trusted execution environments 43 3.6 Conclusions on security ................................................................................ 45 4. The Battle for the Edge.......................................................................................... 46 4.1 Edge Computing Ecosystem ........................................................................ 46 4.2 Coopetitive Landscape ................................................................................. 49 4.2.1 Competitive Scenarios ............................................................................................................. 49 4.2.2 Partially collaborative scenarios .............................................................................................. 53 4.2.3 Fully Collaborative Scenario ................................................................................................... 54 4.2.4 Complementary players and mixed scenarios ......................................................................... 55 Dissemination level: Public Page 2 / 96 5G PPP Technology Board Edge Computing for 5G Networks 4.2.5 Collaborative evolution and alliances ...................................................................................... 56 4.3 Emerging initiatives ...................................................................................... 57 5. Approaches to Edge Computing in 5G-PPP projects ........................................... 59 5.1 Use cases ........................................................................................................ 59 5.2 Type of Edge Computing infrastructure deployed .................................... 61 5.2.1 Phase 2 projects ....................................................................................................................... 62 5.2.2 Phase 3 projects: infrastructure ................................................................................................ 63 5.2.3 Phase 3 projects: automotive ................................................................................................... 65 5.2.4 Phase 3 projects: advanced trials across multiple vertical industries ...................................... 66 5.2.5 Phase 3 projects: 5G Long Term Evolution ............................................................................ 67 5.2.6 EU-Taiwan Cooperation .......................................................................................................... 67 5.2.7 Analysis of results.................................................................................................................... 68 5.3 Location of 5G Edge Computing infrastructure ....................................... 68 5.3.1 Phase 2 projects ....................................................................................................................... 69 5.3.2 Phase 3 projects: infrastructure ................................................................................................ 70 5.3.3 Phase 3 projects: automotive ................................................................................................... 71 5.3.4 Phase 3 projects: advanced trials across multiple vertical industries ...................................... 71 5.3.5 Phase 3 projects: 5G Long Term Evolution ............................................................................ 72 5.3.6 EU-Taiwan Cooperation .......................................................................................................... 73 5.3.7 Analysis of results.................................................................................................................... 73 5.4 Technologies used for Edge Computing ..................................................... 74 5.4.1 Phase 2 projects ....................................................................................................................... 75 5.4.2 Phase 3 projects: infrastructure ................................................................................................ 76 5.4.3 Phase 3 projects: automotive ................................................................................................... 78 5.4.4 Phase 3 projects: advanced trials across multiple vertical industries ...................................... 78 5.4.5 Phase 3 projects: 5G Long Term Evolution ............................................................................ 79 5.4.6 EU-Taiwan Cooperation .......................................................................................................... 80 5.4.7 Analysis of results.................................................................................................................... 81 5.5 Applications / VNFs deployed at the Edge ................................................. 81 5.5.1 Phase 2 projects ....................................................................................................................... 82 5.5.2 Phase 3 projects: infrastructure ................................................................................................ 83 5.5.3 Phase 3 projects: automotive ................................................................................................... 84 5.5.4 Phase 3 projects: advanced trials